Dinámica de anticuerpos y factores de riesgo para DVB, IBR, Leptospira y Neospora en muestras de leche de hatos de la Provincia de Ubaté

Se diseñó un estudio de cohorte, evaluando IBR, DBV, Neosporosis y leptospirosis, en la Provincia de Ubaté – Cundinamarca. Se hizo un seguimiento de la prevalencia y dinámica a nivel de hato detectando anticuerpos en leche de tanque. Se tomaron muestras por finca trimestralmente entre 2016 y 2017. La información de manejo y salud reproductiva de 365 pequeños productores, se tomó cada 45 días. Estos datos y los resultados de las pruebas se analizaron por regresión logística binaria para establecer factores de riesgo (p0.05). Además, se realizó un análisis espacial de riesgo por ubicación y la presencia de clústers. Se encontró una prevalencia para IBR, DVB, neosporosis y leptospirosis del 27.9%,79.7%, 90.6% y 43.5% respectivamente. La Tasa de Incidencia (100 hatos/ mes), por trimestre, fue 2.3, 2 y 2.2 para IBR; 11.2, 7.7 y 14.8 para DVB; 14.4, 14.0 y 20.4 para neosporosis y 0.8, 2.0 y 3.0 para leptospirosis. Los factores de riesgo asociados a IBR fueron el uso de inseminación artificial, la presencia de endometritis; para DVB se encontró como protección, hatos no expuestos a PI. Para N. caninum se encontró como factor de protección, la venta de animales y de riesgo, la presencia de trastornos reproductivos al igual que para L. hardjo . Hatos con más de 6 o 7 hembras fue un factor de riesgo común para IBR, DVB y L. hardjo . En el análisis espacial, los municipios con mayor riesgo (P0.05) a presentar enfermedad, fueron Carmen de Carupa para DVB (RR:3.09), neosporosis (RR:3.09) y leptospirosis (RR:3.49) y Sutatausa para IBR (RR:5.14) y DVB (RR: 3.45). Se concluye que la muestra de leche es útil para evaluar la exposición, dinámica y establecimiento de factores de riesgo asociados a diversas enfermedades en una poblaciónAbstract: A cohort study was designed to evaluate antibodies dynamics for IBR, BVDV, Neosporosis and leptospirosis, in the Province of Ubaté, Cundinamarca in bulk tank milk. The prevalence and dynamics at the herd level were monitored quarterly between 2016 and 2017. Management information and reproductive health of 365 small producers was taken every 45 days. These data and the results of the tests were analyzed by binary logistic regression (p0.05) to establish risk factors. In addition, a spatial risk analysis was performed by location and the presence of clusters was detected. Prevalence for IBR, BVDV, neosporosis and leptospirosis was 27.9%, 79.7%, 90.6% and 43.5% respectively. Incidence rate for every 100 herds / month, per quarter, was 2.3, 2.0, and 2.2 for IBR; 11.2, 7.7 and 14.8 for BVDV; 14.4, 14.0 and 20.4 for neosporosis and 0.8, 2.0 and 3.0 for leptospirosis. Risk factors associated with IBR were the use of artificial insemination and the presence of endometritis. For BVDV herds not exposed to PI was found as a protective factor. For Neosporosis, the sale of animals was considered a protective factor and reproductive disorders was a risk factor as well as for L. harjo. Herds with more than 6 or 7 females was a common risk factor for IBR, BVDV and L. harjo. In the spatial analysis, the municipalities with the highest risk were Carmen de Carupa for BVDV (RR: 3.09), neosporosis (RR: 3.09) and leptospirosis (RR: 3.49) and Sutatausa for IBR (RR: 5.14) and BVDV (RR: 3.45). It is concluded that the milk sample is useful to evaluate the exposure, dynamics and establishment of risk factors associated with various diseases in a population.Maestrí

Survey for major grapevine viruses in commercial vineyards of Northwestern Argentina

This study aimed to survey the occurrence of eight grapevine viruses in commercial vine yards located in the Calchaquíes Valleys in the northwest region of Argentina. A total of 103 samples of mature canes of vines showing either none or some viral-like symptoms were randomly collected. The samples were tested by RT-PCR/PCR-based assays for the screening of the following viruses: Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated viruses (GRSPaV), and Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV). Sixty percent of the analyzed samples showed infection with some of the analyzed viruses, except GRBV. GLRaV-3 and GFLV were the most frequent viruses, present in 34% and 21% of the pos itive samples, respectively. This study represents the first survey report of the presence of grapevine viruses in the region of the Calchaquíes Valleys and contributes to the knowledge to maintain the sanitary status of commercial vineyards in Argentina.EEA SaltaFil: Rivadeneria, Monica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; ArgentinaFil: Galvan, Marta Zulema. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aban, Marina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; ArgentinaFil: Aban, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Semke, Rosa Elena. Centro de Desarrollo Vitícola del Valle Calchaquí; ArgentinaFil: Rivadeneria, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; ArgentinaFil: Rivadeneira, Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lanza Volpe, Melisa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Talquenca, Gonzalo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentin

Neutral Lipid Biosynthetic Potential in Sediment Microbial Communities from Subantarctic Environments

Bacteria from a limited number of taxa are known to accumulate wax esters (WE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) as an adaptation response to stressful environmental conditions, although this capability is poorly understood at the microbial community level. The goal of this work was to uncover the prevalence and diversity of bacteria with the potential to synthesize neutral lipids in coastal sediments of Subantarctic and Antarctic environments, and to characterize the gene clusters related to this process. More than 48,000 sequences containing the PF03007 domain (specific of the key enzyme wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, WS/DGAT) were retrieved from 13 metagenomes, including subtidal and intertidal sediments of Ushuaia Bay, Argentina (54° 48’ S, 68° 17’ W), and subtidal sediments of Potter Cove, 25 de Mayo Island, Antarctica (62° 13’ S, 58° 39’ W). Abundance of putative WS/DGAT sequences in the sediment metagenomes was 1.23 ± 0.42 times relative to 12 single-copy genes encoding ribosomal proteins, much higher than in seawater (0.13 ± 0.31 times in 338 metagenomes). In an ordination analysis, the metagenomes were grouped by geographic location, although closely related sequences were present in both environments despite a 1,000 km distance and the potential barrier of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Most sequences were binned to the Proteobacteria or the Actinobacteria phyla. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the identified sequences were most closely related to sequences from genomes assembled from metagenomes, from environmental samples including seawater, marine sediments, groundwater, freshwater and biological wastewater treatment plants. The genomic context of putative WS/DGAT sequences included genes encoding putative Type-2 PAPs and HAD-type hydrolases, glycerol- and acylglycerol- phosphate O-acyltransferases, some of them potentially responsible for specific steps in WE and TAG biosynthesis. In addition, some scaffolds contained genes of related pathways such as fatty-acids metabolism, suggesting carbon recycling might drive the flux to neutral lipid synthesis. These results indicate the presence of abundant and diverse bacterial populations with the potential to synthesize lipid storage compounds. This information increases our understanding on the mechanisms used by bacteria from extreme environments to adapt to environmental stressors. FP and VG contributed equally.Fil: Pascutti, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Galvan, Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Sandoval, Natalia Elisa. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Lanfranconi, Mariana Patricia. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Lozada, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Arabolaza, Ana Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mac Cormack, Walter Patricio. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Hector Manuel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Gramajo, Hugo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Dionisi, Hebe Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaWorld Microbe ForumWashingtonEstados UnidosAmerican Society for MicrobiologyFederation of European Microbiological Societie

STEATOEPATITE NON ALCOLICA E FIBROSI EPATICA IN UNA CASISTICA DI PAZIENTI OBESI SOTTOPOSTI A CHIRURGIA BARIATRICA

Obiettivi dello studio: Valutare la prevalenza di epatopatia steatosica non alcolica (NAFLD) ed in particolare di steatoepatite non alcolica (NASH) e fibrosi epatica in pazienti con obesit\ue0 grave, che sono candidati ad intervento di chirurgia bariatrica. E\u2019 stato inoltre valutato l\u2019andamento delle transaminasi plasmatiche, adiponectina e di alcuni scores non invasivi di fibrosi epatica avanzata dopo 6 e 12 mesi dall\u2019intervento chirurgico.Popolazione e Metodi: Abbiamo studiato un campione di 28 pazienti affetti da obesit\ue0 grave (75% donne, et\ue0 mediana 41 anni, BMI mediano 45 kg/m\ub2), che sono stati sottoposti ad intervento in elezione di sleeve gastrectomy (19 pazienti) o bypass gastrico (9 pazienti). In tutti i pazienti sono stati eseguiti accertamenti metabolici (incluso 2-h clamp euglicemico iperinsulinemico) al baseline ed \ue8 stata eseguita una biopsia epatica durante l\u2019intervento chirurgico. Nessuno di questi pazienti aveva un eccessivo consumo di alcoolici n\ue9 una precedente storia di cirrosi e/o altre epatopatie croniche note.Risultati: Dei 28 pazienti inclusi nello studio, 16 (57%) hanno soddisfatto i criteri istologici per una diagnosi di NASH, mentre i restanti 12 (43%) pazienti non avevano NASH al baseline. Di questi 12 pazienti privi di NASH alla biopsia, 8 pazienti avevano steatosi macrovescicolare di grado lieve o severo (NAFL), mentre solo 4 pazienti (pari al 14.3% del campione totale) erano esenti da NAFLD alla biopsia epatica. Per quanto riguarda il grado di fibrosi epatica, 4 pazienti (14.3%) non avevano fibrosi (stadio F0), 14 (50%) pazienti avevano fibrosi moderata (F2) e 10 (35.7%) avevano \u201cbridging fibrosis\u201d (F3). Nessuno dei pazienti aveva cirrosi epatica precedentemente misconosciuta (F4). Quando i pazienti venivano suddivisi sulla base della presenza/assenza di NASH e/o della severit\ue0 di fibrosi epatica (F3 vs. F0-2), i due gruppi di pazienti erano comparabili per et\ue0, sesso e le principali variabili biochimiche esaminate, incluso transaminasi, APRI index, FIB-4 score e sensibilit\ue0 insulinica (M-clamp). L\u2019intervento chirurgico induceva, sia dopo 6 che 12 mesi, un marcato calo ponderale ed una significativa riduzione dei livelli circolanti di adiponectina in entrambi i gruppi. Al contrario, i valori di transaminasi e gli scores non invasivi di fibrosi epatica avanzata non hanno mostrato alcuna significativa variazione dopo 6 e 12 mesi dall\u2019intervento chirurgico in nessuno dei gruppi di pazienti considerati (NASH vs. no-NASH e F3 vs. F0-2).Conclusioni: Nei nostri pazienti con obesit\ue0 grave, candidati a chururgia bariatrica, la NAFLD \ue8 una patologia assai comune (essendo presente in circa 85% del campione) ed \ue8 gi\ue0 presente anche nelle sue forme istologiche pi\uf9 severe (NASH nel 57% dei casi e fibrosi avanzata nel 35.7% dei casi), pur rimanendo queste forme spesso clinicamente silenti (o pauci-sintomatiche) e senza accompagnarsi a significative alterazioni delle transaminasi circolanti e degli scores non-invasivi di fibrosi avanzata. Questi dati suggeriscono la necessit\ue0 di una diagnosi precoce e tempestiva delle forme pi\uf9 severe della NAFLD (che sono quelle associate ad un maggior rischio di progressione verso la cirrosi e l\u2019epatocarcinoma) in tutti i soggetti obesi che vengono sottoposti a chirurgia bariatrica (da eseguirsi almeno in fase intra-operatoria)

Benthic diversity and assemblage structure of a north Patagonian rocky shore: a monitoring legacy of the NaGISA project

The rocky shore of Punta Este, Golfo Nuevo (Patagonia, Argentina), was sampled using the standardized NaGISA (CoML) protocol aimed to generate biodiversity baseline data in 6 levels, from high intertidal to 10m depth. Based on the generated data, we studied the benthic assemblage structure, species richness, mean abundance and the distribution pattern of invertebrate functional groups, typifying species in each intertidal and subtidal level. The rocky shore studied, as other in north Patagonia is understudied, factors driven its assemblage structure are not clear yet. The intertidal sampled is exposed to extreme physical conditions higher than any other studied rocky shore systems, with air temperature variation of 40°C during the year, maximum winds of 90 km/h and semidiurnal tides of 5m amplitude; on the other hand subtidal presents less thermal variation (DeltaT 10°C along the year) and more homogeneous physical conditions. We identified 65 taxa represented by six animal phyla: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida (Polychaeta), Echinodermata, Cnidaria and Nemertea; and three algal phyla: Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Heterokontophyta (class: Phaeophyceae). Ordination nMDS plots showed three different assemblages in terms of species composition (intertidal, subtidal 1m level and subtidal 5-10m samples). The intertidal was represented by suspension feeders mainly Mollusca. The tiny mussels Brachidontes rodriguezii and Brachidontes purpuratus, and the algae Corallina officinalis dominated the intertidal and acts as a buffer that prevent other species for physical stress. The subtidal was mainly represented by grazers. Our results showed a tendency of suspension feeders decreasing and increasing of grazers and predators from high intertidal to subtidal, probably driven by decreasing in physical stress. The gastropod Tegula patagonica, the sea urchins Arbacia dufresnii and Pseudechinus magellanicus and the non native algae Undaria pinnatifida were the most abundant in 1m-10m level. Based on previous works performed in the region, we hypothesize that the differences registered between intertidal and subtidal samples could be explained in part by an increase in physical stress in the intertidal with low predation pressure that promotes positive interactions, while in the subtidal the increasing in consumers and decreasing of physical stress could lead to associational defenses. Competition for primary substrate at the intertidal and subtidal must be explored in future experiments. Our results could be useful to compare data and to develop a sustainable network for long-term monitoring benthic community changes due to anthropogenic activities.Fil: Rechimont, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Galvan, David Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Sueiro, Maria Cruz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Casas, Graciela Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Piriz, Maria Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Diez, María Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Primost, Monica Angelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Zabala, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Marquez, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Brogger, Martin Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Alfaya, Jose Elias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Adolescent Engagement in Dangerous Behaviors Is Associated with Increased White Matter Maturity of Frontal Cortex

Background: Myelination of white matter in the brain continues throughout adolescence and early adulthood. This cortical immaturity has been suggested as a potential cause of dangerous and impulsive behaviors in adolescence. Methodology/Principal Findings: We tested this hypothesis in a group of healthy adolescents, age 12–18 (N = 91), who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to delineate cortical white matter tracts. As a measure of real-world risk taking, participants completed the Adolescent Risk Questionnaire (ARQ) which measures engagement in dangerous activities. After adjusting for age-related changes in both DTI and ARQ, engagement in dangerous behaviors was found to be positively correlated with fractional anisotropy and negatively correlated with transverse diffusivity in frontal white matter tracts, indicative of increased myelination and/or density of fibers (ages 14–18, N = 60). Conclusions/Significance: The direction of correlation suggests that rather than having immature cortices, adolescents who engage in dangerous activities have frontal white matter tracts that are more adult in form than their more conservative peers

Dynamic Gene Expression in the Human Cerebral Cortex Distinguishes Children from Adults

In comparison with other primate species, humans have an extended juvenile period during which the brain is more plastic. In the current study we sought to examine gene expression in the cerebral cortex during development in the context of this adaptive plasticity. We introduce an approach designed to discriminate genes with variable as opposed to uniform patterns of gene expression and found that greater inter-individual variance is observed among children than among adults. For the 337 transcripts that show this pattern, we found a significant overrepresentation of genes annotated to the immune system process (pFDR≅0). Moreover, genes known to be important in neuronal function, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are included among the genes more variably expressed in childhood. We propose that the developmental period of heightened childhood neuronal plasticity is characterized by more dynamic patterns of gene expression in the cerebral cortex compared to adulthood when the brain is less plastic. That an overabundance of these genes are annotated to the immune system suggests that the functions of these genes can be thought of not only in the context of antigen processing and presentation, but also in the context of nervous system development

SCIPP: An Expanded Community of Practice - Community Publishing

SCIPP redefines and expands the existing notions about what makes for a vibrant and robust community of practice by partnering CSUSB students and professors with K-12 students, parents, and educators, along with committed community partners. SCIPP encourages curiosity in ways that leads to critical thinking, exploration, risk taking , confidence building, open-mindedness, and other personal traits that equip them with the softskills to be active, critical, and creative contributors to our communities. SCIPP pedagogy embraces our students\u27 collective wisdom and focuses on relational building where multi-directional communication is promoted and students are viewed as equal stakeholders in their own educations. SCIPP puts collaboration into action which in turn fosters community-based lifelong learning. SCIPP provides the open intellectual space for future university students (our K-12 students) to engage with existing university students in meaningful ways so as to sustain interconnected partnerships facilitating community engagement. It supports parents as experts in the education of their children and acknowledges parents as the first conduits to spark their children’s imagination while they actively participate in education enriching activities and programs. Everyone involved is committed to creating a secure and open atmosphere for dreaming, sharing, and learning. Together we explore the aspects of community publishing through collaborative learning in formal and informal settings relating to digital and printed medias

SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity are associated with genetic variants affecting gene expression in a variety of tissues

Variability in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity between individuals is partly due to genetic factors. Here, we identify 4 genomic loci with suggestive associations for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and 19 for COVID-19 disease severity. Four of these 23 loci likely have an ethnicity-specific component. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals in 11 loci colocalize with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) associated with the expression of 20 genes in 62 tissues/cell types (range: 1:43 tissues/gene), including lung, brain, heart, muscle, and skin as well as the digestive system and immune system. We perform genetic fine mapping to compute 99% credible SNP sets, which identify 10 GWAS loci that have eight or fewer SNPs in the credible set, including three loci with one single likely causal SNP. Our study suggests that the diverse symptoms and disease severity of COVID-19 observed between individuals is associated with variants across the genome, affecting gene expression levels in a wide variety of tissue types

SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity are associated with genetic variants affecting gene expression in a variety of tissues

Variability in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity between individuals is partly due to genetic factors. Here, we identify 4 genomic loci with suggestive associations for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and 19 for COVID-19 disease severity. Four of these 23 loci likely have an ethnicity-specific component. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals in 11 loci colocalize with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) associated with the expression of 20 genes in 62 tissues/cell types (range: 1:43 tissues/gene), including lung, brain, heart, muscle, and skin as well as the digestive system and immune system. We perform genetic fine mapping to compute 99% credible SNP sets, which identify 10 GWAS loci that have eight or fewer SNPs in the credible set, including three loci with one single likely causal SNP. Our study suggests that the diverse symptoms and disease severity of COVID-19 observed between individuals is associated with variants across the genome, affecting gene expression levels in a wide variety of tissue types