Comunicación de riesgos para la inocuidad de los alimentos

El marco del Análisis de Riesgos para la Inocuidad de los Alimentos, descrito por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), ha sido ampliamente adoptado a nivel mundial en las últimas décadas para abordar las problemáticas relacionadas con la inocuidad. Este marco consta de tres componentes fundamentales e interconectados: Evaluación de Riesgos, Gestión de Riesgos y Comunicación de Riesgos. El objetivo principal de la Comunicación de Riesgos gira en torno al aumento de la articulación entre los diferentes actores del enfoque de la “granja a la mesa”, a la comprensión de las razones que llevan a la toma de decisiones durante la Evaluación y la Gestión de Riesgos y a proporcionarle a los consumidores información oportuna, relevante y precisa para ayudarles a adelantar juicios más informados sobre los peligros y los riesgos relacionados con la inocuidad de los alimentos. La FAO y la OMS precisan obligaciones específicas relacionadas con la Comunicación de Riesgos, tales como garantizar que sea efectiva entre las partes interesadas al adelantar análisis técnicos y científicos, involucrar al público y a otras partes interesadas (cuando sea apropiado) en el proceso del Análisis de Riesgos, y comprender y responder a los factores que impulsan las preocupaciones públicas sobre los riesgos de la afectación de la inocuidad de los alimentos para la salud. La presente revisión técnica se genera en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional para la Cadena del Cacao con el fin de adelantar una sensibilización institucional sobre el componente de Comunicación de Riesgos, previo a la formulación de la Estrategia de Comunicación de Riesgos para la cadena. La revisión técnica se enfoca de forma específica en la Comunicación de Riesgos, componente primordial del proceso de Análisis de Riesgos para la Inocuidad de los Alimentos, y se desarrollan no solo los aspectos relacionados con las generalidades de la temática, sino también: • Experiencias reales de Comunicación de Riesgos. • La importancia de reconocer las diferencias entre los riesgos reales y la percepción del riesgo. • El impacto de la percepción del riesgo en las opciones de Comunicación de Riesgos a implementar. • La relevancia que cobra el uso de las tecnologías de medios sociales en la veracidad y la transparencia. • El impacto de la Comunicación de Riesgos en la confianza del consumidor. Para finalizar, es importante anotar que uno de los impactos negativos de una deficiente Comunicación de Riesgos tiene que ver con la percepción del riesgo en sí mismo. Por ejemplo, debido a algunas declaraciones, publicaciones y omisiones de diferentes actores de la Cadena colombiana del Cacao, este producto es ahora percibido por algunos países y actores comerciales nacionales e internacionales como altamente contaminado con cadmio, lo cual condujo a reclamos, que justificados o no, estigmatizan al cacao colombiano como sanitariamente no aceptable para algunos destinos comerciales internacionales con la consecuente pérdida de valor y bajos precios

Inocuidad de los alimentos: Conceptos técnicos

Esta cartilla ilustrada está enfocada en reforzar, complementar y profundizar técnicamente en los conceptos básicos de la inocuidad de los alimentos. Incluye actividades direccionadas a reforzar y complementar estos conocimientos, así como lecturas y enlaces a material multimedia disponible en internet

Inocuidad de los alimentos: Conceptos básicos

Esta cartilla ilustrada ha sido preparada con el propósito de brindar los conceptos básicos relacionados con la inocuidad de los alimentos, proporcionando una base de conocimientos que permita a las personas interesadas ahondar posteriormente en el tema. El documento incluye actividades direccionadas a reforzar y complementar estos conocimientos, así como lecturas y enlaces a material multimedia disponible en internet. La cartilla fue elaborada como parte del desarrollo del convenio de cooperación entre la Alianza de Bioversity International y el CIAT y el Servicio Agrícola para el Exterior del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA-FAS), el cual tiene como uno de sus objetivos el apoyo, por medio del programa "Cacao para la paz", a la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional para la Cadena del Cacao - Capítulo de Inocuidad

Ferroionic inversion of spin polarization in a spin-memristor

Magnetoelectric coupling in artificial multiferroic interfaces can be drastically affected by the switching of oxygen vacancies and by the inversion of the ferroelectric polarization. Disentangling both effects is of major importance toward exploiting these effects in practical spintronic or spinorbitronic devices. We report on the independent control of ferroelectric and oxygen vacancy switching in multiferroic tunnel junctions with a La_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_3 bottom electrode, a BaTiO_3 ferroelectric barrier, and a Ni top electrode. We show that the concurrence of interface oxidation and ferroelectric switching allows for the controlled inversion of the interface spin polarization. Moreover, we show the possibility of a spin-memristor where the controlled oxidation of the interface allows for a continuum of memresistance states in the tunneling magnetoresistance. These results signal interesting new avenues toward neuromorphic devices where, as in practical neurons, the electronic response is controlled by electrochemical degrees of freedom

Controlled sign reversal of electroresistance in oxide tunnel junctions by electrochemical-ferroelectric coupling

The persistence of ferroelectricity in ultrathin layers relies critically on screening or compensation of polarization charges which otherwise destabilize the ferroelectric state. At surfaces, charged defects play a crucial role in the screening mechanism triggering novel mixed electrochemical-ferroelectric states. At interfaces, however, the coupling between ferroelectric and electrochemical states has remained unexplored. Here, we make use of the dynamic formation of the oxygen vacancy profile in the nanometerthick barrier of a ferroelectric tunnel junction to demonstrate the interplay between electrochemical and ferroelectric degrees of freedom at an oxide interface. We fabricate ferroelectric tunnel junctions with a La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO_3 bottom electrode and BaTiO_3 ferroelectric barrier. We use poling strategies to promote the generation and transport of oxygen vacancies at the metallic top electrode. Generated oxygen vacancies control the stability of the ferroelectric polarization and modify its coercive fields. The ferroelectric polarization, in turn, controls the ionization of oxygen vacancies well above the limits of thermodynamic equilibrium, triggering the build up of a Schottky barrier at the interface which can be turned on and off with ferroelectric switching. This interplay between electronic and electrochemical degrees of freedom yields very large values of the electroresistance (more than 10^6% at low temperatures) and enables a controlled switching between clockwise and counterclockwise switching modes in the same junction (and consequently, a change of the sign of the electroresistance). The strong coupling found between electrochemical and electronic degrees of freedom sheds light on the growing debate between resistive and ferroelectric switching in ferroelectric tunnel junctions, and moreover, can be the source of novel concepts in memory devices and neuromorphie computing

Colombian consensus recommendations for diagnosis, management and treatment of the infection by SARS-COV-2/ COVID-19 in health care facilities - Recommendations from expert´s group based and informed on evidence

La Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud (IETS) conformó un grupo de trabajo para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas y basadas en evidencia, por consenso de expertos para la atención, diagnóstico y manejo de casos de Covid 19. Estas guías son dirigidas al personal de salud y buscar dar recomendaciones en los ámbitos de la atención en salud de los casos de Covid-19, en el contexto nacional de Colombia

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Implementación, coordinación y evaluación de las asignaturas Practicum I y Practicum II en las titulaciones de Grado de Maestro y Grado en Turismo en la Escuela Universitaria de Educación y Turismo de Ávila (Fase de consolidación)

Memoria ID-0069. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2014-2015

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

Hommage à Francis Cerdan / Homenaje a Francis Cerdan

Né le 10 septembre 1935 à Oran, dans une famille d'origine alicantine installée en Algérie depuis le XIX• siècle, Francis CERDAN fait ses études supé­rieures d'espagnol et de portugais à Aix-en-Provence, puis à la Sorbonne. Professeur certifié au Lycée de Corbeil-Essonnes, il fut détaché, après l'agrégation, aux Affaires Étrangères et affecté à la Faculté des lettres d'Alger, où il dirigea la section d'espagnol. Nommé Maître-Assistant à titre personnel, il réin­tégra l'Éducation Nationale et enseigna à partir de 1970 à l'université de Toulouse-le-Mirail. Après le doctorat de 3• cycle sur Frei Jeronimo Bahia, épigone portugais de Gongora, nommé Maître de Conférences, il consacra ses recherches, dirigées par Robert JAMMES, à « Fray Hortensio Paravicino et l'éloquence sacrée de son temps » et, de façon plus générale, à la littérature religieuse du Siècle d'Or, sans renoncer pour autant à des incursions dans d'autres domaines : la littérature espagnole contemporaine, en particulier la poésie, ou encore le cinéma (Loca, Rafael Alberti, Saura). Après une thèse d'État soutenue sur travaux, il fut nommé Professeur des Universités. Admis à faire valoir ses droits à la retraite en 1997, il fut alors nommé professeur émérite. Membre fondateur en 197 4 de la RCP 439 du CNRS « Poésie espagnole du Siècle d'Or » et de la revue Criticon dirigées par Robert JAMMES, il a continué à fnire partie de cette équipe de recherches qui connut divers statuts et plusieurs appellations (LESO puis LEMSO)