La perception des inégalités en France

Cet article vise à tester trois théories explicatives de la perception des inégalités sociales en se fondant sur une enquête par questionnaire complétée par une série d’entretiens qualitatifs. Nous examinerons la théorie de « l’intérêt bien compris » lié à la position sociale, celle de l’effet éventuel de mécanismes de frustration relative, et celle de l’effet de l’adhésion à des valeurs en matière de justice sociale. Les résultats montrent des effets contrastés des différentes variables explicatives selon le niveau de perception des inégalités. La position sociale comme les mécanismes de frustration relative expliquent bien l’impact personnellement ressenti, alors qu’ils n’exercent pratiquement aucun effet sur la perception globale des inégalités sociales. La perception de l’inégalité dans la société est en revanche associée, quelle que soit la position sociale, à des principes en matière de justice. Ce n’est pas la position des individus dans la stratification sociale qui informe leur perception des inégalités, mais des principes qui en sont largement indépendants.This article aims to test three explanatory theories of the perception of social inequalities, on the basis of a quantitative survey, completed by qualitative interviews. We will examine the theory of “in the best interests” linked to social position, the theory of the possible effect of relative deprivation mechanisms and the theory of values in terms of social justice. The results show contrasting effects of the different explanatory variables according to the perception level of inequality. Social status as well as relative deprivation mechanisms explain the personally felt impact, whereas they have practically no effect on the wider perception of social inequalities. On the other hand the perception of inequalities in society is associated, whatever the subject’s social status, with principles of justice. It is not the position of individuals in the system of social stratification that informs their perception of inequalities, but rather principles that are largely independent of their social status

Vanin-1 licenses inflammatory mediator production by gut epithelial cells and controls colitis by antagonizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activity

Colitis involves immune cell–mediated tissue injuries, but the contribution of epithelial cells remains largely unclear. Vanin-1 is an epithelial ectoenzyme with a pantetheinase activity that provides cysteamine/cystamine to tissue. Using the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis model we show here that Vanin-1 deficiency protects from colitis. This protection is reversible by administration of cystamine or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ antagonist. We further demonstrate that Vanin-1, by antagonizing PPARγ, licenses the production of inflammatory mediators by intestinal epithelial cells. We propose that Vanin-1 is an epithelial sensor of stress that exerts a dominant control over innate immune responses in tissue. Thus, the Vanin-1/pantetheinase activity might be a new target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel disease

Standard partition coefficients of anionic drugs in the n-octanol/water system determined by voltammetry at three-phase electrodes

The anionic forms of 26 drugs and organic model compounds have been extensively explored in the n-octanol/ water system using voltammetry at three-phase electrodes. The objective of this study was to validate the ability of this electrochemical system to give reliable values of lipophilicity for organic ions, as well as to gain more information on the lipophilic behaviour of anions in the n-octanol/water system. Results were used to clarify the solvation mechanisms responsible for ion partitioning and to compare the information obtained in the two solvent systems n-octanol/water and 1,2-dichloroethane/water

: How to explain the perception of social inequalities in France?

This article aims to test three explanatory theories of the perception of social inequalities, on the basis of a quantitative survey, completed by qualitative interviews. We will examine the theory of "in the best interests" linked to social position, the theory of the possible effect of relative deprivation mechanisms and the theory of values in terms of social justice. The results show contrasting effects of the different explanatory variables according to the perception level of inequality. Social status as well as relative deprivation mechanisms explain the personally felt impact, whereas they have practically no effect on the wider perception of social inequalities. On the other hand the perception of inequalities in society is associated, whatever the subject's social status, with principles of justice. It is not the position of individuals in the system of social stratification that informs their perception of inequalities, but rather principles that are largely independent of their social status.Cet article vise à examiner plusieurs théories explicatives de la perception des inégalités sociales en se fondant sur une enquête par questionnaire auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de Français complétée par une série d'entretiens qualitatifs. La théorie de " l'intérêt bien compris " lié à la position sociale, celle de l'effet éventuel de mécanismes de frustration relative, et de l'effet de l'adhésion à des valeurs en matière de justification des inégalités économiques seront examinées. Une des originalités de l'enquête que nous utiliserons est de distinguer trois registres de perception des inégalités : la perception de leur force dans la société, le degré auquel elles sont jugées plus ou moins illégitimes, et enfin le degré auquel la personne elle-même se sent personnellement affectée. Les résultats montrent des effets contrastés des différentes variables explicatives selon ces registres de perception des inégalités. La position sociale comme les mécanismes de frustration relative expliquent bien l'impact personnellement ressenti, alors qu'ils n'ont pratiquement aucun effet sur la perception globale des inégalités sociales. A l'inverse, cette dernière est bien expliquée par l'adhésion à des valeurs. Le registre global d'appréhension des inégalités est donc principalement dépendant d'orientations idéologiques, tandis que le registre personnel est exclusivement dépendant de la position des individus dans la stratification sociale

Immobilized artificial membrane liquid chromatography: proposed guidelines for technical optimization of retention measurements

The objectives of this study were to establish guidelines for the proper measurement of capacity factors (log k(IAMw) on immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) stationary phases. In this context, some aspects related to the extrapolation of log(kIAMw) values, the stability and properties of IAM.PC.DD2 stationary phases and the column-to-column variability are discussed. No significant difference was observed when using either acetonitrile or methanol for the linear extrapolation of log k(IAM) values. However, methanol seems more appropriate when working with ionized compounds. Plotting isocratic capacity factors against the percentage (v/v) of co-solvent instead of the mole fraction leads to more reliable log k(AMW) values. Furthermore, our results with a YMC ODS-AQ and an IAM.PC.DD2 HPLC column indicate that only small differences arise between extrapolated capacity factors when using the (w(w))pH or the (s(w))pH operational scale and correcting or not the ionic strength for dilution caused by the co-solvent. The use of the (s(w))pH scale is recommended when working with ionized compounds in order to avoid parabolic relationships during linear extrapolation. The pH-dependent retention of three ionizable drugs on an IAM.PC.DD2 phase showed that secondary interactions with the charged moieties of the chromatographic surface affect the retention of ionized compounds around physiological pH. Finally, it was shown that column ageing occurs also with IAM.PC.DD2 stationary phases and that it depends on the column as well as on the investigated analyte. The intra-batch variability for IAM.PC.DD2 phases was small, whereas a marked and solute-dependent batch-to-batch variability was apparent

Constitutions d’archives

Les communications présentées lors de l’atelier des doctorants consacré à la constitution des archives, tout en confirmant la vitalité nouvelle de ces problématiques, mettent bien en valeur ce que de telles recherches peuvent apporter à une meilleure connaissance de la conception de l’exercice du pouvoir. Les fonds ecclésiastiques, les plus anciens et les mieux représentés, ont longtemps été les premiers à retenir l’attention, et il est bon que cette tradition se poursuive, ce qu’illustre bie..

A Comparison of the Solvation Properties of 2-Nitrophenyloctyl Ether, Nitrobenzene, andn-Octanol as Assessed by Ion Transfer Experiments

The lipophilicity of the anionic forms of drugs and model compounds was assessed by their transfer across (i) the water-2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE), (ii) the water-nitrobenzene (NB), and (iii) the water-noctanol interfaces by using the three-phase electrode technique. The lipophilicities, expressed in terms of logarithm of partition coefficients, range for the studied anions from -3.46 to 0.68 (log PA-,aq QNPOE) for NPOE, from -3.81 to 2.62 (log PA-,aq QNB ) for NB, and from -6.20 to -3.20 (log PA-,aq Qn-oct) for n-octanol. Although NPOE shares with nitrobenzene the aromatic part and with n-octanol the hydrophobic carbon chain, only very weak correlation was observed between the NPOE-based data with the n-octanol-based data, and the same is true for the correlation of the NB-based and n-octanol-based data. However, there is a strong and even linear correlation between the NPOE-based and the NB-based data

Determination of pKa values by capillary zone electrophoresis with a dynamic coating procedure

CZE allows to measure the acidic dissociation constant (pKa) of many drug substances. However, determining the EOF intensity may be time-consuming, especially at a low pH. In order to overcome this drawback, a dynamic coating procedure of the capillary was carried out to increase microEOF, and thus to reduce the analysis time. In addition, this coating procedure enhanced migration time stability. The effective mobilities of 15 compounds were measured at different pH, producing pK'a values dependent on BGE ionic strength. The latter values were corrected with the activity coefficient to obtain a "true" pKa value. The 15 investigated compounds were (i) five acids: namely, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, ketoprofen, phenobarbital, and phenol, (ii) four bases: lidocaine, propafenone, propranolol, and quinine, (iii), five ampholytes: sulfanilamide, sulfabenzamide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadoxine, and sulfisoxazole, and (iv) one zwitterion: cetirizine. The range of determined pKa values was between 1.2 and 11.2, and close to the pKa values available from the literature

Novel RPLC stationary phases for lipophilicity measurement: solvatochromic analysis of retention mechanisms for neutral and basic compounds

An RPLC was developed to rapidly determine lipophilicity of neutral and basic compounds using three base deactivated RPLC stationary phases particularly designed for the analysis of basic compounds, namely, Supelcosil ABZ(+)Plus, Discovery RP Amide C16, and Zorbax Extend C18. The work consisted of three sets of experiments. In the first log kw values of neutral compounds were extrapolated using hydroorganic mobile phases at different compositions. Good correlation between log kw and log Poct indicated that the method was appropriate for these supports, without adding a silanol masking agent. In the second set of experiments, isocratic log k values of neutral and basic compounds were measured with three different mobile phases. The best estimation of lipophilicity was obtained for neutral and basic compounds when the secondary interactions were strongly reduced (i. e., when basic compounds were under their neutral form). In the third set of experiments, isocratic retention factors of basic compounds (in their neutral form) were measured with a high-pH mobile phase, on a chemically stable support (Zorbax Extend C18). Under these chromatographic conditions, correlation between the isocratic retention factors and log Poct (log D10.5) for basic compounds was similar to that for neutral compounds