Tidal Title and the Boundaries of the Bay: The Case of the Submerged High Water Mark

There is no particular policy reason why the same line should be used for both the upland boundary of the jus publicum and the seaward boundary of parcels bounded by the sea. In interpreting the language used in grants of private interests, the ostensible object of the inquiry is to ascertain the parties (particularly the grantor\u27s) intent. Subject only to limitations on the grantor\u27s estate or power to convey, it is that intention which controls the extent of his transfer. On the other hand, in setting the upland boundaries of lands subject to the jus publicum, the courts are essentially making a policy determination, i.e., which lands are subject to what mode of use-allocation, a question of law in which private intentions play no role. Nonetheless, for reasons which seem largely historical, the rule of construction for grants extending to the sea has been held to result in the same boundary line as the line which, by law, defines the upland limits of the jus publicum. In the case of both, the line is the high water line. This article explores judicial resolutions in New York to the question: Where is the high water line

Perspectives on the Household Saving Rate

macroeconomics, household saving rate

COMPENSATION OF TARGET IMAGE ABERRATIONS FOR MILITARY SYSTEMS USING MACHINE LEARNING

High energy laser (HEL) systems are susceptible to atmospheric turbulence when focusing on targets down range. Current HEL systems use wavefront sensors and complex adaptive optics systems to compensate for these aberrations. The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate target image aberration compensation techniques using machine learning algorithms, eliminating the need for complex wavefront sensing hardware. Target imagery will be obtained from the High Energy Laser Beam Control Research Testbed (HBCRT) and imagery aberrations will be simulated to provide necessary datasets for training and validation of the image aberration compensation methods. The performance of these techniques will be evaluated for military imaging applications.Ensign, United States NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

The Effects of Tax-Based Saving Incentives On Saving and Wealth

This paper evaluates research examining the effects of tax-based saving incentives on private and national saving. Several" factors make this an unusually difficult problem. First, households that participate in, or are eligible for, saving incentive plans have systematically stronger tastes for saving than other households. Second, the data indicate that households with saving incentives have taken on more debt than other households. Third, significant changes in the 1980s in financial markets, pensions, social security, and nonfinancial assets interacted with the expansion of saving incentives. Fourth, saving incentive accounts represent pre-tax balances, whereas conventional taxable accounts represent post-tax balances. Fifth, the fact that employer contributions to saving incentive plans are a part of total employee compensation is typically ignored. A major theme of this paper is that analyses that ignore these issues overstate the impact of saving incentives on saving. We show that accounting for these factors largely or completely eliminates the estimated positive impact of saving incentives on saving found in the literature. Thus, we conclude that little if any of the overall contributions to existing saving incentives have raised private or national saving. *Portions of this article were published in the JEP, 1996, under title of "The Illusory Effects of Saving Incentives on Saving."

The Role of Rural Hospitals in Addressing Opioid and Other Substance Use Problems

Webinar presentation to the Small Rural Hospital Transition project addressing issues of rural opioid and other substance use issues, focusing on the role of rural hospitals, and the importance of community engagement. Component parts of an effective opioid/substance use system of care include prevention, treatment, and recovery. Models must be adapted to the geographic, resource, and cultural realities of rural areas. Examples of strategies are provided