Brouwer-Lyddane orbit generator routine

Computer programs for calculation of satellite orbit

Book Reviews

How Harmless is Harmless? The Riddle of Harmless Error. By Roger J. Traynor Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970. Pp. ix, 117. 6.00 reviewer: Charles Galbreath This book is based on the author\u27s experience of more than 30 years on the California Supreme Court and his exhaustive research into the enigma of harmless error. The overriding message is simply that there is no clear explanation for the Supreme Court\u27s preferring the Chapman test of harmless beyond reasonable doubt over the California test,which allows the judgment to stand if the particular error did not result in a miscarriage of justice in the opinion of the reviewing court. ============================= A Small Business Primer Advising the Small Business Sourcebook Edited by Jim McCord & Nicholas S. Vazzana New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1970. Pp.xviii. 489. 20.00. reviewer: George F. Shinehouse, Jr. The term source book is an innovation that aptly describes the content of the book. No attempt is made to cover in depth the various applicable principles. Rather the subject matter is presented in capsule form, serving somewhat as an expanded syllabus. In this sense the book is truly a source book, or point of beginning, directing the reader to other texts in which the subject is treated in greater detail. ============================= Legal Problems of the Design Professional Legal Aspects of Architecture & Engineering and the Construction Process By Justin Sweet. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1970. Pp. xliii. 953. $12.50. reviewer: Norman A. Coplan Legal questions inhere in every stage of the design professional\u27s dealings with his partners, clients, contractors, insurance,and bonding companies, and in the daily execution of the building project. The architect or engineer, for example, must comply with the licensing or registration laws of the states in which he practices; he must organize the entity through which he practices; he is required to contract with his client for the furnishing of professional services, and with consultants to assist in the execution of such services. Perhaps most significantly, the design professional is called upon to assist his client in the formulation of the construction contract. This document involves such complex legal subjects as liability and other insurance, liens,payment and performance bonds, indemnification, arbitration, default,and liquidated damages

Climate\u27s Role in Polar Bear Past [Letters]

Striking temporal concordance between the new date for divergence of polar bears and persistent freezing of the Arctic Ocean suggests that this may be one of relatively few instances in which a specific paleoclimatological episode can be convincingly linked to a specific evolutionary event, and it provides vivid demonstration of climatic forcing as a determinant of diversification in biological systems

OSCE and Civil Society in the Western Balkans: The Road to Reconciliation

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Identity and integration of Russian speakers in the Baltic states: a framework for analysis

Following a review of current scholarship on identity and integration patterns of Russian speakers in the Baltic states, this article proposes an analytical framework to help understand current trends. Rogers Brubaker's widely employed triadic nexus is expanded to demonstrate why a form of Russian-speaking identity has been emerging, but has failed to become fully consolidated, and why significant integration has occurred structurally but not identificationally. By enumerating the subfields of political, economic, and cultural ‘stances’ and ‘representations’ the model helps to understand the complicated integration processes of minority groups that possess complex relationships with ‘external homelands’, ‘nationalizing states’ and ‘international organizations’. Ultimately, it is argued that socio-economic factors largely reduce the capacity for a consolidated identity; political factors have a moderate tendency to reduce this capacity, whereas cultural factors generally increase the potential for a consolidated group identity

Empty spaces and the value of symbols: Estonia's 'war of monuments' from another angle

Taking as its point of departure the recent heightened discussion surrounding publicly sited monuments in Estonia, this article investigates the issue from the perspective of the country's eastern border city of Narva, focusing especially upon the restoration in 2000 of a 'Swedish Lion' monument to mark the 300th anniversary of Sweden's victory over Russia at the first Battle of Narva. This commemoration is characterised here as a successful local negotiation of a potentially divisive past, as are subsequent commemorations of the Russian conquest of Narva in 1704. A recent proposal to erect a statue of Peter the Great in the city, however, briefly threatened to open a new front in Estonia's ongoing 'war of monuments'. Through a discussion of these episodes, the article seeks to link the Narva case to broader conceptual issues of identity politics, nationalism and post-communist transition

Large-Scale Mercury Control Technology Testing for Lignite-Fired Utilities - Oxidation Systems for Wet FGD

Mercury (Hg) control technologies were evaluated at Minnkota Power Cooperative's Milton R. Young (MRY) Station Unit 2, a 450-MW lignite-fired cyclone unit near Center, North Dakota, and TXU Energy's Monticello Steam Electric Station (MoSES) Unit 3, a 793-MW lignite--Powder River Basin (PRB) subbituminous coal-fired unit near Mt. Pleasant, Texas. A cold-side electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber are used at MRY and MoSES for controlling particulate and sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) emissions, respectively. Several approaches for significantly and cost-effectively oxidizing elemental mercury (Hg{sup 0}) in lignite combustion flue gases, followed by capture in an ESP and/or FGD scrubber were evaluated. The project team involved in performing the technical aspects of the project included Babcock & Wilcox, the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), the Electric Power Research Institute, and URS Corporation. Calcium bromide (CaBr{sub 2}), calcium chloride (CaCl{sub 2}), magnesium chloride (MgCl{sub 2}), and a proprietary sorbent enhancement additive (SEA), hereafter referred to as SEA2, were added to the lignite feeds to enhance Hg capture in the ESP and/or wet FGD. In addition, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was injected upstream of the ESP at MRY Unit 2. The work involved establishing Hg concentrations and removal rates across existing ESP and FGD units, determining costs associated with a given Hg removal efficiency, quantifying the balance-of-plant impacts of the control technologies, and facilitating technology commercialization. The primary project goal was to achieve ESP-FGD Hg removal efficiencies of {ge}55% at MRY and MoSES for about a month