Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets

Background Being part of fish's natural diets, insects have become a practical alternative feed ingredient for aquaculture. While nutritional values of insects have been extensively studied in various fish species, their impact on the fish microbiota remains to be fully explored. In an 8-week freshwater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either a commercially relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet wherein black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal comprised 60% of total ingredients. Microbiota of digesta and mucosa origin from the proximal and distal intestine were collected and profiled along with feed and water samples. Results The insect meal diet markedly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota. Salmon fed the insect meal diet showed similar or lower alpha-diversity indices in the digesta but higher alpha-diversity indices in the mucosa. A group of bacterial genera, dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family, was enriched in salmon fed the insect meal diet, which confirms our previous findings in a seawater feeding trial. We also found that microbiota in the intestine closely resembled that of the feeds but was distinct from the water microbiota. Notably, bacterial genera associated with the diet effects were also present in the feeds. Conclusions We conclude that salmon fed the insect meal diets show consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota. The next challenge is to evaluate the extent to which these alterations are attributable to feed microbiota and dietary nutrients, and what these changes mean for fish physiology and health.publishedVersio

Evaluacion de la susceptibilidad a insecticidas en larvas post-diapausantes de Cydia pomonella (L.) en un huerto con sistema de autodiseminacion kamikazee

37 p.Cydia pomonella L., conocida como polilla de la manzana, es considerada la principal plaga de pomáceas y nogales en Chile. Tradicionalmente, ha sido controlada con insecticidas organofosforados, particularmente con azinfosmetil, sin embargo, se ha observado que en los últimos años, la infestación de frutos a la cosecha ha aumentado de manera preocupante. Debido a que esta plaga ha desarrollado resistencia a insecticidas en diversas localidades de Chile y el mundo, se evaluó la susceptibilidad a dosis diagnóstico de azinfosmetil, clorpirifos, esfenvalerato, metoxifenozide, tebufenozide y thiacloprid de larvas postdiapausantes provenientes de un huerto de manzano de la Región del Maule. Posteriormente, el porcentaje de mortalidad corregida de cada insecticida por sexo, se compararon entre sí obteniendo como resultado una mortalidad frente a azinfosmetil y clorpirifos visiblemente menor que con el resto de los insecticidas evaluados. En contraposición, la mayor susceptibilidad de larvas de polilla de la manzana se obtuvo frente a las dosis diagnóstico de esfenvalerato y tebufenozide. Referente al sexo de los individuos tratados, no se observaron diferencias notables entre la mortalidad corregida de machos y hembras

Integration of Transcriptome, Gross Morphology and Histopathology in the Gill of Sea Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) : Lessons from Multi-site Sampling

Funding statement The study was supported by the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC grant SL 2017 08, ‘Nutritional Aspects of Gill Disease in Atlantic Salmon’) and co-funded by BioMar and Scottish Sea Farms (SSF). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank SSF farm personnel for accommodating our research, performing gross morphology scoring and helping with sampling. Edinburgh Genomics is partly supported through core grants from NERC (R8/H10/56), MRC (MR/K001744/1), and BBSRC (BB/J004243/1). We also thank two reviewers for their comments on the earlier draft of the article. EK dedicates this paper to her late mother, Irena Król.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Identificación in silico de genes posiblemente asociados a la actividad probiótica de una cepa de Lactococcus de origen chileno

79 p.La acuicultura es una actividad de creciente énfasis en el país y se sustenta principalmente en la industria de la trucha y el salmón. Este último es el principal responsable de las exportaciones nacionales totales relacionadas con acuicultura y tiene como destino más de 100 países en todo el mundo. Como consecuencia existe gran interés en el control de enfermedades en estos peces, con especial énfasis en aquellas de origen bacteriano. El tratamiento de las mismas hasta hace algunos años se basaba principalmente en el uso de antibióticos que, si bien cumplen su función, constituyen un riesgo a futuro ante el eventual desarrollo y acumulación de genes de resistencia en los microorganismos patógenos. Hoy se utilizan principalmente vacunas, que a pesar de que dan buenos resultados presentan ciertas limitaciones. A esto se suma que ejercen su efecto en el sistema inmune adaptativo, cuando en peces es el sistema inmune innato el que tiene un rol más protagónico. Por esta razón, la mirada está puesta en el uso de probióticos autóctonos, en este caso, bacterias propias de salmón que poseen características beneficiosas para el control de enfermedades del mismo mediante la estimulación del su sistema inmune y la exclusión competitiva de bacterias patógenas. Esta memoria está orientada al análisis de una cepa autóctona del genero Lactococcus con promisoria proyección como probiótico. Dicho análisis tiene una orientación bioinformática y comprenderá el ensamble y la anotación del genoma en cuestión para lograr identificar genes relacionados con la actividad probiótica de esta cepa./ABSTRACT: Aquaculture is an activity of growing interest in the country and is principally maintained in trout and salmon industries. The last one is the main responsible of total national exports related with aquaculture and has in destiny more than 100 countries in the whole world. In consequence there is important interest in disease control of this fishes, with special emphasis in that one with bacterial origin. The treatment of selves until a few years was principally based on the use of antibiotics which, although execute successful its function, comprise a future risk by the eventual development and accumulation of resistance genes in pathogenic organisms. Actually, vaccines are the main treatment used, which although give good results, presents some difficulties. Also vaccines act over adaptive immune system, when in fishes, is the innate immune system the most important. For this reason the global focus is over the use of indigenous probiotics, in this case, the own bacteria of salmon that possess beneficial characteristics to disease control in this fishes through stimulation of its immune system and the competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria. This thesis is oriented to analysis of indigenous strain of the genus Lactococcus with promissory projection as a probiotic. This analysis has a bioinformatics focus and include the assembly and genome annotation to achieve the identification of genes related with the probiotic activity of this strain

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Ernæring og tarmhelse hos atlantisk laks (Salmo salar) : betydning av antinæringsstoffer og mikrobiota

The use of alternative protein ingredients to replace fishmeal in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can have negative consequences for the fish intestinal health. The most severe intestinal physiological and morphological effects were first observed to be induced in the distal intestine (DI) by soybean meal and called soybean meal induced enteritis (SMBIE). Other intestinal health disorders suggested to be related to the increasing use of plant ingredients in the diets include lipid malabsorption syndrome and intestinal tumors. SBMIE has been linked to the presence of antinutritional factors (ANFs) in soybean meal, which are also present in other legumes. Among the ANFs, saponins − alone or in combination with other ANFs − have been suggested as the most plausible cause of SBMIE and other legume-induced enteropathies. The syndrome seems to vary with stage of fish development, breed of soybeans and possibly other biotic, as well as abiotic conditions. Among other intestinal conditions that might influence the severity of SBMIE is the intestinal microbiota, for which present knowledge is very limited both in general and in their potential involvement in enteric pathologies in the salmon intestine. The work presented in this thesis contributes to the basic knowledge regarding the effects of saponins and intestinal microbiota necessary for the understanding of the normal intestinal health of Atlantic salmon and the consequences of increasing use of alternative protein ingredients as replacement to fishmeal in the diet. Three aims were formulated; Aim 1: to find the important the mechanisms behind effects of soya saponins on the intestinal function and their role in SBMIE, Aim 2: to characterize the digesta- and mucosa-associated microbiota along the intestine of Atlantic salmon fed a commercial diet, and Aim 3: to characterize the effect on intestinal microbiota caused by the inclusion of alternative protein sources in the diet of Atlantic salmon and the microbiota’s role for the function and health of the intestine.Bruk av alternative proteinkilder som erstatning for fiskemel i fôr til atlantisk laks (Salmo salar) kan medføre redusert tarmhelse. De første tegn på fysiologiske og morfologisk helseeffekter i tarmen, ble observert i den distale delen av tarmen (DI), og var indusert av innblanding av soyamel i fôret. Symptombildet ble kalt soyaindusert enteritt (SBMIE). Laksens tarm er grundig studert når det gjelder slike negative effekter av proteinrike alternative fôrmidler. Blant øvrige effekter på tarmhelse som kan ha sammenheng med den økte broken av planteingredienser i fôret er en tilstand som er beskrevet som lipidmalabsorpsjonssyndrom, og en annen som fører til tarmsvulst. Soyaindusert enteritt ser ut til å ha sammenheng med innholdet av antinæringsstoffer (ANFs) og er vist å kunne induseres også av frø fra andre belgvekster. Blant de aktuelle ANFs i soyamel ser saponinene, alene eller i samvirke med andre antinæringsstoffer, ut til å være de mest sentrale for utviklingen av SBMIE. Symptomene kan variere med fiskens utviklingsstadium, sorten soya som brukes, og muligens med andre biotiske og abiotiske forhold. Blant andre tarmforhold som kan være av betydning for alvorlighetsgraden av SBMIE, er sammensetningen av microbiota som vi har svært lite relevant kunnskap om både generelt og når det gjelder den rolle den spiller for patologiske tilstander hos laks. Arbeidet som presenteres i denne avhandlingen bidrar med grunnleggende kunnskaper om virkninger av saponiner og om tarmens mikrobiota. Denne kunnskapen er nødvendig for forståelsen av normal tarmfunksjon hos laks og virkninger på tarmhelsen av økt bruk av alternative proteinfôrmidler som erstatning for fiskemel. Tre mål ble formulert for arbeidet; Mål 1: å finne de viktige mekanismene bak effektene av soyasaponiner på tarmfunksjon og rollen de spiller for utviklingen av SBMIE, Mål 2: å beskrive tarmens mikrobiota, både den som finnes i tarminnholdet og den som er forankret i mukosa langs hele tarmkanalen hos laks som spiser et kommersielt fôr, Mål 3: å beskrive effekter på tarmens microbiota av ulike proteinkilder i fôret til laks og rollen mikrobiotaen spiller for tarmens funksjon og helse

Intestinal Fluid Permeability in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Is Affected by Dietary Protein Source

In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and also in other fish species, certain plant protein ingredients can increase fecal water content creating a diarrhea-like condition which may impair gut function and reduce fish growth. The present study aimed to strengthen understanding of the underlying mechanisms by observing effects of various alternative plant protein sources when replacing fish meal on expression of genes encoding proteins playing key roles in regulation of water transport across the mucosa of the distal intestine (DI). A 48-day feeding trial was conducted with five diets: A reference diet (FM) in which fish meal (72%) was the only protein source; Diet SBMWG with a mix of soybean meal (30%) and wheat gluten (22%); Diet SPCPM with a mix of soy protein concentrate (30%) and poultry meal (6%); Diet GMWG with guar meal (30%) and wheat gluten (14.5%); Diet PM with 58% poultry meal. Compared to fish fed the FM reference diet, fish fed the soybean meal containing diet (SBMWG) showed signs of enteritis in the DI, increased fecal water content of DI chyme and higher plasma osmolality. Altered DI expression of a battery of genes encoding aquaporins, ion transporters, tight junction and adherens junction proteins suggested reduced transcellular transport of water as well as a tightening of the junction barrier in fish fed the SBMWG diet, which may explain the observed higher fecal water content and plasma osmolality. DI structure was not altered for fish fed the other experimental diets but alterations in target gene expression and fecal water content were observed, indicating that alterations in water transport components may take place without clear effects on intestinal structure

Vitamin C Fosters the In Vivo Differentiation of Peripheral CD4+ Foxp3− T Cells into CD4+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells but Impairs Their Ability to Prolong Skin Allograft Survival

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical players of immunological tolerance due to their ability to suppress effector T cell function thereby preventing transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. During allograft transplantation, increases of both Treg expansion and generation, as well as their stable function, are needed to ensure allograft acceptance; thus, efforts have been made to discover new molecules that enhance Treg-mediated tolerance and to uncover their mechanisms. Recently, vitamin C (VitC), known to regulate T cell maturation and dendritic cell-mediated T cell polarization, has gained attention as a relevant epigenetic remodeler able to enhance and stabilize the expression of the Treg master regulator gene Foxp3, positively affecting the generation of induced Tregs (iTregs). In this study, we measured VitC transporter (SVCT2) expression in different immune cell populations, finding Tregs as one of the cell subset with the highest levels of SVCT2 expression. Unexpectedly, we found that VitC treatment reduces the ability of natural Tregs to suppress effector T cell proliferation in vitro, while having an enhancer effect on TGFβ-induced Foxp3+ Tregs. On the other hand, VitC increases iTregs generation in vitro and in vivo, however, no allograft tolerance was achieved in animals orally treated with VitC. Lastly, Tregs isolated from the draining lymph nodes of VitC-treated and transplanted mice also showed impaired suppression capacity ex vivo. Our results indicate that VitC promotes the generation and expansion of Tregs, without exhibiting CD4+ T cell-mediated allograft tolerance. These observations highlight the relevance of the nutritional status of patients when immune regulation is needed

Cuadro de mando para el monitoreo de resultados de aprendizaje

Tesis (Ingeniero en Computación e Informática)El presente documento tiene por objetivo consolidar el desarrollo de un proyecto de ingeniería, aplicando los conocimientos adquiridos durante la carrera de ingeniería en Computación e Informática, resolviendo problemas para un cliente en un entorno profesional real. En este contexto, se documenta un proyecto de desarrollo de software consistente en la elaboración de indicadores de gestión, implementados en un software cuadro de mando o dashboard, realizado para un establecimiento educacional municipal, utilizando como guía el modelo de ciclio de vida en espiral y una metodología de gestión del proyecto basada en la guía Project Management Body Of Knowledge (PMBOK) desde la formulación del problema hasta la aceptación de los resultados por parte del cliente