Twenty years of fisheries development in Nigeria

The paper traced the historical development of fisheries development in Nigeria. The paper was further discussed under the following sub-headings:- Ten years development plan 1945-1954, First National Development Plan 1962-1968, Second National Development Plan 1970-1974, Third and fourth National Development Plans. Several of the government programmes rolled out to enhance fisheries development are discussed, such as National accelerated fish production programme, operation feed the nation, the Green Revolution and structural adjustment Era. The paper confirmed that the past twenty years have witnessed phenomenal growth in Fisheries Development in Nigeria. However, decline has been noticed in the area of local fish production. This, has been due to a number of factors some of which are: prohibitive price of spare parts and fishing inputs, the increasing price of automatic gas oil

Fast word-level power models for synthesis of FPGA-based arithmetic

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PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN DAN PENCIPTAAN MEKANISME CHECKS AND BALANCES: MENUJU PENCIPTAAN SISTEM PRESIDENSIAL MURNI

The attempt to question the legitimacy of President Abdurrahman Wahid has led to reemergence of the idea of having a direct election for the filling the President post, instead of having an indirect election, namely through the People\u27s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR). This article rejects the idea of engaging in a constitutional reform on a reactive for a short terms interest. If we are committed to have a direct election for recruiting president, we have to do it thoroughly and comprehensively based on a well-chosen design. For that purpose, this article outlines some mechanisms for direct election for the president. We have to decide which mechanism fit to Indonesian political life. More whichever mechanism we choose it has to fit with the idea of establishing check and balances. Kata-kata kunci: pemilihan presiden, sistem presidensial murmmekanisme checks and balance

Twenty two years of IDD elimination efforts in Sudan: An alternative approach for national USI legislation is needed

The aims of this paper are (1) to review the progress made in Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) control in Sudan since 1989, and (2) to propose an alternative approach for national USI legislation in Sudan. Although three federal ministerial decrees requiring salt manufactures to fortify all edible salt with Iodine and three states have laws prohibit selling of non-iodized salt in their jurisdictions. But none of these decrees and laws implementation was enforced. Utilization of existing National Standardization and Metrology Law (2008), National Public Health Law (2008), and Food Inspection Law (1973) provide legal frame for this alternative approach. Collaboration between MOH and SSMO to issue a national compulsory salt specification and develop monitoring and surveillance systems is highly recommended Keywords: Sudan, Universal Salt Iodization, Iodine Deficiency Disorders, USI legislation

HUBUNGAN PERSEPSI MAHASISWA DENGAN KETERAMPILAN DOSEN DALAM MENGELOLA KELAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR

Hubungan Persepsi Mahasiswa dengan Keterampilan Dosen Dalam Mengelola Kelas dan Hasil Belajar. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang hubungan antara persepsi mahasiswa dengan keterampilan dosen dalam mengelola kelas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa angkatan 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya hubungan antara persepsi mahasiswa dengan keterampilan dosen dalam mengelola kelas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa angkatan 2018 Jenis penelitian bersifat kuantitatif dengan desain survey. Data primer dari kuesioner dengan jumlah sampel 54 orang, data dianalisis menggunakan Chi Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara persepsi mahasiswa dengan keterampilan dosen dalam mengelola kelas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa angkatan 2018

Conflict of Interest by Director Which Also Act as Liquidator for Company Liquidation Process

This article delves into the complexities surrounding conflicts of interest faced by directors involved in company liquidation processes. Furthermore, the article also examines the legal and ethical dimensions of such conflicts, considering the director's fiduciary duties and responsibilities to act in the best interests of the company, shareholders, and creditors. Conflicts may arise when directors have personal interests or relationships that diverge from their duty to prioritize the company's welfare. The abstract underscores the significance of transparency, disclosure, and adherence to corporate governance principles in navigating these conflicts effectively. Through an analysis of relevant regulation frameworks, this article examines insights into identifying conflicts of interest within the Company, especially when the Director are appointed as the liquidator

Production and Characterization of Twelve Different Biochars and Evaluating Their Effects on Soil Health and Plant Growth

Biochar has been a topic of growing interest in the scientific community. It is a product derived from carbon rich organic materials through the process of pyrolysis. It has received wide attention as a means to improve soil fertility and crop productivity, absorb pollutants in soil, and sequester carbon to mitigate climate change. Recent research on biochar explores its impacts on the environment with particular focus on use as a soil amendment in agriculture. Biochar produced from different biomass and under different production process effects the environmental and agronomic impacts of its application in different ways. This means biochar can be designed to achieve desired goals. Therefore, the advanced understanding of biochar is of utmost importance. This research was aimed to produce and characterize twelve biochars from feedstocks consisting of invasive plant species along with native plants and agricultural residues made at two different production temperatures. Furthermore, this study explored the potential of these biochars as amendments to remove pesticide from soil, thus reducing further groundwater pollution. The effects of the biochars on plant growth, soil microbial population and soil enzyme activities were also investigated. Laboratory studies were conducted to characterize the biochars and also to evaluate their effect on pesticide retention. Garden potted study was done to observe how these biochars influenced plant growth as well as soil microbial and enzyme activities. Results indicated that the production temperatures and type of feedstocks greatly influenced the physicochemical properties of the biochars which subsequently affected their performance. It was found that the type of feedstocks had greater effects on biochar performance than the selected production temperatures. The knowledge from the study will be beneficial to determine the integration of these biochars as an approach towards sustainable agricultural practice and in climate mitigation

The relationship between serum level of beta-2 microglobulin and diastolic dysfunction endothelial dysfunction among patients with diabetes mellitus

Diyabetes Mellitus’un prevalansı son iki dekatta dramatik bir biçimde artmıştır. Etyolojisinde genetik, çevresel faktörlerin ve yaşam tarzı tercihlerinin yer aldığı, hiperglisemiyle seyreden bu hastalık ciddi makrovasküler ve mikrovasküler komplikasyonlara neden olur. Bunların en önemlileri kardiovasküler hastalıklar, nöropati, retinopati ve diyabetik nefropatidir. Ateroskleroz ve ilişkili hastalıklar dünya çapında 45 yaş altı nüfusun en önemli ikinci ölüm sebebi olup, 45 yaş üstü nüfusta ise birinci sıradaki ölüm sebebidir. Tüm yaş grupları göz önüne alındığında ise morbiditenin en önemli etkeni olup, görülme sıklığı gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu nedenle birçok araştırmacı, aterosklerozu organ tutulumu olmadan teşhis edebilmek ve aterosklerotik hastalığın yaygınlığını saptayabilmek için birçok yöntem geliştirmektedirler. Aterosklerotik hastalığın erken subklinik döneminde en önemli değişiklikler tüm arteryel yatakta görülen endotelyal disfonksiyon ve intima-media kalınlığında artmadır. Endotelyal disfonksiyon ve intima-media kalınlığındaki artma basit, ucuz ve girişimsel olmayan yöntemlerle belirlenebilirler. Bu sayede aterosklerotik tutulum yaygınlaşmadan gerekli tedavi edici yöntemler uygulanabilir. Koroner damar yatağındaki aterosklerotik tutulum başlamadan önce endotel disfonksiyonu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca epikardial koroner arterlerdeki aterosklerozun komplike olmasında endotel disfonksiyonu önemli rol oynamaktadır. Fakat koroner endotel disfonksiyonunun teşhisi hem zor hem de girişimsel yöntemler gerektirmektedir. Endotel disfonksiyonunun sistemik tutulumu göz önüne alındığında, periferik arterlerden non-invazif yöntemlerle bakılması gerçeğe yakın bire bir bilgi vermektedir. Özellikle brakiyal arterin kolay ulaşılabilir yerleşimi, endotel disfonksiyonun değerlendirilmesi için idealdir. Bu da bize koroner damar yatağındaki endotel disfonksiyonunu, indirekt yöntemlerle teşhis etme olanağı sunmaktadır. Diyastolik sol ventrikül fonksiyonlarını değerlendirmede konvansiyonel Doppler ekokardiyografi ile mitral diyastolik akımın ve pulmoner ven akımlarının incelenmesi çok önemli bilgiler sağlar. Fakat mitral akım hemodinamisinin pek çok faktörden (kalp hızı, önyük, ardyük, kapak yetersizliği, örnekleme volümün pozisyonu) etkilenmesi nedeni ile diyastolik fonksiyonları değerlendirmede yeni ekokardiyografik yöntemler de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Doku Doppler görüntüleme (DDG) sol ventrikülün diyastolik fonksiyonlarını belirlemede yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanan yeni bir metodtur ve DDG ile myokardın bölgesel olarak sistolik-diyastolik fonksiyonları değerlendirilebilir. Doku Doppler ile mitral annulus komşuluğundaki myokard bölgesinden saptanan erken diyastolik dalga (Em veya E’) hızının sol ventrikül diyastolik fonksiyonlarını değerlendirmede faydalı bir parametre olduğu gösterilmiştir. Beta 2 Mikroglobulinin molekül ağırlığı 11.8 kDa dur. Hafif zincir HLA class I kompleksi olup ağır zincirden ayrıldıktan sonra plazmada serbest monomer olarak bulunur. Glomerüllerden serbestçe filtre edilir ardından renal tübüllerden reabsorbe ve degragade edilir. Serum konsantrasyonu kas kitlesinden ve yaştan bağımsızdır. Beta Biz bu çalışmada; Mikroalbüminüri saptanmayan ve serum kreatinin düzeyi normal olan koroner arter hastalığı olmayan Tip 2 Diyabetik hastalarda endotel disfonksiyonu ve diyastolik disfonksiyon ile serum Beta 2 mikroglobülin seviyesi arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı planladık. 2 Mikroglobulin glomerüller tarafından kolayca filtre edilir, yaklaşık % 99’u proksimal tubulden pinositoz yoluyla reabsorbe edilir. Serumdaki yükselmiş değerler artmış hücre değişimini gösterir. Bu yükseliş AIDS, multiple myleom gibi myelo-proliferatif ve lenfo-proliferatif hastalıklarda görülür. Artmış idrar düzeyleri bu konsantrasyonun renal eşiği geçmesinden sonra görülür. Sentezinin artmadığı durumlarda artmış idrar Beta 2 Mikroglobulini proksimal tubullerin reabsorbsiyon yeteneğinin bozulmasından kaynaklanabilir. Materyal metod: Bu çalışmaya Ocak 2008 ve Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kardiyoloji polikliniğine başvuran, daha önce Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus tanısı konulmuş 40 hasta ve 10 kontrol grubu hastası bilgilendirilmiş onayı da alınarak dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya alınan hastalar, öykü, fizik muayene, laboratuar bulguları ile bir süredir Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus tanısı konmuş ve tedavi gören, 30 yaş üzeri, glukokortikoid kullanmayan, bilinen karaciğer yetmezliği, malignitesi ve hamileliği olmayan, çalışmaya uyum sağlayacak hastalardan oluşmaktaydı. Daha önceden koroner revaskülarizasyon yapılmış, karotis cerrahisi uygulanmış veya serebrovasküler hastalık geçirmiş olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmediler. Tüm hastalardan 12 saatlik açlığı takiben, açlık plazma glukoz, Beta 2 mikroglobülin düzeyi, lipit paremetreleri, üre ve kreatinin seviyesi için 10 cc venöz kan örneği alındı. 24 saatlik idrarda mikroalbümin düzeyina bakıldı. Hastaların tümünde kardiyak fonksiyonları değerlendirmek için transtorasik ekokardiyografi yapıldı. Endotel disfonksiyonunu değerlendirmek üzere brakiyal arterden Doppler ultrasonografi yöntemi ile akımla uyarılmış vazodilatasyon testi uygulandı. Bulgular: Çalışma Ocak 2008-Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Kardiyoloji Servisinde yaşları 36 ile 77 arasında değişen toplam 50 olgu üzerinde yapılmıştır. Yaş ortalaması 52,48±8,77’dir. Olguların 32’si (%64) kadın; 18’i (% 36) erkektir. Diyastolik disfonksiyon 23 (%46) olguda pozitif olarak saptanmıştır. Endotel disfonksiyon ise 13 (%26) olguda pozitif bulunmuştur. Beta-2 mikroglobulin düzeyleri de hasta grubu olgularda kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak ileri düzeyde anlamlı yüksek olarak saptanmıştır (p<0,01). Beta-2 mikroglobülin düzeyleri de endotel disfonksiyon pozitif olgularda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yüksek saptanmıştır (p<0,01). Diyastollik disfonksiyon ile birlikte endotel disfonksiyon görülen olguların Beta-2 mikroglobülin düzeyleri, diğer hasta grubu olgulardan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yüksek saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Çalışma grubu olgularda Endotel disfonksiyon durumuna göre Beta-2 mikroglobülin düzeylerinin cut off değerini saptamak için yapılan ROC analizi sonucunda; çok sağlıklı sonuç vermemekle beraber 2,74 noktası cut off noktası olarak saptandı. Bu noktada duyarlılık %91,67; özgüllük % 89,29; pozitif kestirim değeri % 62,40 ve negatif kestirim değeri ise %78,13 olarak bulunmuştur. ROC eğrisi altında kalan alan 0,801 olarak saptandı. Sonuç: Tip 2 Diyabetik hastalarda diyastolik disfonksiyon ve Brakiyal arterden Akımla Uyarılmış Vazodilatasyon testi ile endotel disfonksiyonun saptanması koroner arter hastalığı ve ateroskleroz için erken bulgulardandır. Endotel disfonksiyonu olan hastalarda serum Beta 2 mikroglobülin düzeyinin anlamlı olarak daha yüksek çıkması Beta 2 Mikroglobülinin hsCRP gibi koroner arter hastalığının öngördürücü markırı olarak kullanılabileceğini düşündürmektedir ve bu çalışma endotel disfonksiyonu ile beta 2 mikroglobülin arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran ilk çalışmadır.The prevalance of diabetes mellitus has been increasing dramatically during the last two decades. Genetic, enviromental and life style factors have been shown to participitate in the etiopathogenesis of this disease. It is characterized with hyperglisemia and may lead to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy are among the most important complications. Atherosclerosis and related diseases are the second and first cause of death among the population with less and more than 45 years of age worldwide, respectively. It is the most important cause of morbidity among all ages of population and its incidence is increasing dramatically. Therefore, many authors attempt to develop new methods in order to diagnose aterosclerosis before development of organ involvement and determine the prevalance of aterosclerotic disease. The most important changes observed during the early subclinical period of aterosclerosis include endotelial dysfunction throughout all arterial bed and increase in intimal-medial thickness. Endothelial dysfunction and increase of intimal-medial thickness may be determined by using simple, inexpensive and non-invasive methods. So, therapeutic modalities can be performed before atherosclerosis becomes more diffuse. Endothelial dysfunction preceedes the atherosclerotic involvement on the coronary vascular bed. It also plays an important role in the atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary arteries. However, making the diagnosis of endothelial dysfunction is both difficult and requires invasive methods. Since the endothelial dysfunction may lead to systemic symptoms, non-invasive methods imaging peripheral arteries may provide accurate information about endothelial dysfunciton. Brachial artery is ideal for evaluation of endothelial dysfunction since it is easily found on the antecubital region. This advantage leads us to diagnose possible endothelial dysfunction throughout coronary vascular bed by using indirect methods. Measurement of mitral diastolic flow and pulmonary venous flow via convantional Doppler echocardiography in order to evaluate diastolic left ventricular functions provides important data. However, since many factors (heart rate, pre-load, after-load, valvular failure, position of sample volume) may change the haemodynamics of mitral flow echocardiographic methods have recently been utilized for evaluation of diastolic dysfunction. Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) has recently been increasingly used for determination of left ventricular diastolic functions and regional systolic-diastolic functions of myocardium can be evaluated by using TDI. The rate of early diastolic wave (Em or E’) on the myocardium next to mitral annulus observed via tissue doppler imaging has been demonstrated to be a useful parameter for evaluation of LV diastolic functions. The molecular weight of beta 2 microglobulin is 11.8 kDa. It is a light chain HLA class I complex and found as free monomers in the plasma after seperating from the heavy chain. It is filtrated from the glomerules and reabsorbated and degraded from the renal tubules. Its serum concentration is not dependent to the muscle mass and age of the patient. Beta In this study we planned to investigate the relationship between serum beta 2 microglobulin levels, and endothelial and diastolic dysfunction among the Type 2 diabetic patients who had normal serum albumin levels in the lack of microalbuminuria and coronary artery disease. 2 microglobulin is easily filtrated from glomerules. Approximately 99% of its concentration is reabsorbated from he proximal tubules via pynocytosis. Increased serum levels refer to increased cellular turnover. This increase may be observed in myelo- and lympho-proliferative disease such as AIDS and multiple myeloma. Increased urinary excretion are observed if its level exceedes the renal threshold value. Increased urinary excretion without any increase in the synthesis may be due to impairment in the reabsorption ability of proximal tubules. Materials and Methods: Forty patients and 10 control subjects who admitted to the outpatient clinics of Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology between January and June 2008 and had the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been included in our study. All the patients and controls have signed an informed consent form. The included patients had the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with history, physical examination and laboratory results; were taking antidiabetic medical therapy; more than 30 years of age; not taking systemic glucocorticoid therapy; had no hepatic failure, malignancy or pregnancy. Patients who had previously undergone coronary revascularization, carotis surgery or expreinced cerebrovascular disease have been excluded. 10 cc venous blood was obtained from each patient after 12 hours of fasting for determination of fasting plasma glucose level, beta 2 microglobulin level, lipid parameters, blood urea nitrogen and creatinin levels. Microalbumin level in the 24 hours of urine has also been measured. Transthorasic echocardiography was performed at all patients for evaluation of cardiac functions. Flow-induced vasodilatation test was performed in order to evaluate the endothelial dysfunciton via doppler ultrasoundography from bracihal artery. Results: This study was performed among 50 subjects (age range: 36 and 77 years) who presented to outpatient clinics of Cardiology Department of Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty between January and June 2008. The mean age of the patients was 52,48±8,77 years (mean±SD). 32 females (64%) and 18 males (36%) were included. Diastolic dysfunction was observed at 23 (46%) patients. Endothelial dysfunction was present at 13 (26%) patients. Beta-2 microglobulin levels were significantly higher at the patients compared with control subjects (p<0,01). Beta-2 microglobulin levels were significantly higher among patients with endothelial dysfunction (p<0,01). Beta-2 microglobulin levels of the patients with both diastolic and endothelial dysfunction were significantly higher than the other patients (p<0,05). The ROC analysis performed to determine the cut-off value of beta 2 microglobulin levels according to endothelial dysfunction among study population revealed 2.74 as the cutoff point, although not ideal at all. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value at this point were 91,67%, 89,29%, 62,40% and 78,13%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was found to be 0,801. Comment: Evaluation of diastolic dysfunction by using echocardiography and endothelial dysfunction by using flow-induced vasodilatation test from brachial artery are both early findings of coronary artery diasease and atherosclerosis amnog type 2 diabetic patients. Significantly higher serum levels of beta-2 microglobulin among patients with endothelial dysfunction suggest that beta-2 microglobulin may serve as a predictive marker, as well as hsCRP, for future development of coronary artery disease and this study -to our knowledge- is the first trial investigating the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and serum beta-2 microglobulin levels