Big Data, Both Friend And Foe: The Intersection Of Privacy And Trade On The Transatlantic Stage

This Note analyzes the data privacy protection initiatives implemented by the European Union and the United States and their effects on international trade. As technology develops, the feasibility of data collection increases, allowing for the collecting of inconceivable amounts of data information. Consequently, this data includes personal information, thus implicating privacy concerns and the need for data privacy protection regulations. Data privacy focuses on the use and governance of personal data and how the data is gathered, collected, and stored. In 2018, the European Union enacted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which sets out highly stringent standards for how organizations conducting business with European Union citizens may handle their data. While the United States lacks an all-encompassing data-protection law similar to the GDPR, the likelihood of federal implementation of such regulation is growing. Due to the tech industry’s exponential growth, data privacy regulations have had trouble keeping pace. Nevertheless, data privacy protection is more necessary than ever. The discrepancies in data privacy regulations gravely affect international business relationships governed by the different regulations. This Note discusses the affects, benefits, and possible solutions to these issues

The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Psychosocial Wellbeing

As a result of adversity, trauma, or maltreatment, a child’s primary defense is to engage in self-blame in order to maintain a belief in a safe world. Without intervention, these adaptive strategies may continue to shape the way survivors relate to themselves and make meaning out of negative events. This study hypothesized that participants with adversity in childhood have an increased likelihood of low self-compassion (indicating tendencies towards self-judgment, overidentification, and isolation). This study further hypothesized a positive correlation between posttraumatic growth, resilience and hardiness. Participants in this study were adults recruited from three online sites (social networking, online forum, and a local university); participants ranged in age from 18-64, sexually and ethnically diverse. The majority of participants were white, United States born, female, and were between the age of 18-24. Participants were surveyed using the Adverse Childhood Experience survey, Self-Compassion Scale- Short Form, Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, Hardiness Questionnaire, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, and two one-item scales measuring religion and attachment. Results were analyzed using a Pearson correlation and path analysis. Self-compassion was not significantly correlated to ACEs, and a strong correlation was observed between resilience and self-compassion. Resilience and posttraumatic growth had a moderate correlation, resilience and hardiness had a strong correlation, and there was no significant correlation observed between hardiness and posttraumatic growth. The results from the path analysis found that resilience mediates the relationship between adversity and the development of posttraumatic growth. Moreover, adversity in childhood had a small negative correlation to religion, resilience, self-compassion, and hardiness

Les demandes sociales de restauration des rivières et leurs traductions scientifiques et politiques

La restauration des rivières n'est pas qu'une préoccupation des experts et des écologistes. Une rétrospective des demandes sociales en faveur d'une préservation et d'une réhabilitation des cours d'eau montre que celles-ci ont été portées par des intérêts multiples et parfois contradictoires. La fin du 19ème siècle et début du 20ème est marquée par des préoccupations de dépeuplement des cours d'eau, la période de reconstruction d'après guerre met l'accent sur la qualité de l'eau brute à des fins d'adduction et de distribution d'eau, depuis les années 70 le courant écologiste trouve de nombreux relais dans la population à travers les activités de nature revendiquée par les classes moyennes comme partie intégrante de leur qualité de vie. Ces trois exemples montrent en outre que les préoccupations sociales sont diversement interprétées par les scientifiques et les politiques qui contribuent à modifier leur expression en agissant sur les connaissances et les moyens d'action ou la réglementation. A travers ces quelques exemples nous montrons que les questions de mise en oeuvre de la directive cadre s'appréhendent mieux en tenant compte des aspirations sociales qui ont conduit à l'adoption de cette directive / River restoration does not only concern experts and ecologists. Social demands in favour of river protection and enhancement have been historically diverse and contradictory. Three examples are analysed to support this point. Implementing the new framework directive requires to take into account which social expectations were at stake while the directive was adopte

Bayesian calibration of the nitrous oxide emission module of an agro-ecosystem model

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the main biogenic greenhouse gas contributing to the global warming potential (GWP) of agro-ecosystems. Evaluating the impact of agriculture on climate therefore requires a capacity to predict N2O emissions in relation to environmental conditions and crop management. Biophysical models simulating the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in agro-ecosystems have a unique potential to explore these relationships, but are fraught with high uncertainties in their parameters due to their variations over time and space. Here, we used a Bayesian approach to calibrate the parameters of the N2O submodel of the agro-ecosystem model CERES-EGC. The submodel simulates N2O emissions from the nitrification and denitrification processes, which are modelled as the product of a potential rate with three dimensionless factors related to soil water content, nitrogen content and temperature. These equations involve a total set of 15 parameters, four of which are site-specific and should be measured on site, while the other 11 are considered global, i.e. invariant over time and space. We first gathered prior information on the model parameters based on the literature review, and assigned them uniform probability distributions. A Bayesian method based on the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm was subsequently developed to update the parameter distributions against a database of seven different field-sites in France. Three parallel Markov chains were run to ensure a convergence of the algorithm. This site-specific calibration significantly reduced the spread in parameter distribution, and the uncertainty in the N2O simulations. The model’s root mean square error (RMSE) was also abated by 73% across the field sites compared to the prior parameterization. The Bayesian calibration was subsequently applied simultaneously to all data sets, to obtain better global estimates for the parameters initially deemed universal. This made it possible to reduce the RMSE by 33% on average, compared to the uncalibrated model. These global parameter values may be used to obtain more realistic estimates of N2O emissions from arable soils at regional or continental scales

A Visual Mover: Dance and Movement Therapy for Autism Spectrum

The intent of this thesis is to explore dance and movement therapy as a form of treatment in order to accomplish higher overall functioning, well being, and communication for those diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Through the study of various forms of research including books, articles, interviews, videos, I will integrate the most effective, according to my resources, dance and movement therapy techniques and theories, and autism teaching methodologies, and create a teaching unit of lesson plans for a ten-week ballet-focused dance workshop

Digestive metabolism of glucosinolates: a novel approach using urinary markers for estimating the release of glucosinolate breakdown products in the gastro-intestinal tract of mammals.

Glucosinolates have been implicated as a mediator of the cancer-protective properties of cruciferous vegetables. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates by plant or microbial myrosinase yields a range of metabolites including beneficial isothiocyanates. Little is known about the fate of glucosinolates after their ingestion. Using urinary end-products of metabolism as markers, measurement of the production of isothiocyanates in the digestive tract of monogastric animals has been achieved. Initially, a range of isothiocyanates were administered to rats and their excretion as mercapturic acids was quantified. Relative recovery of different isothiocyanates was found to be consistent and predictable, allowing the use of artificial isothiocyanates as recovery standards in subsequent experiments. Subsequently, the relative influence of plant and bacterial myrosinase on isothiocyanate production was quantified in rats. A proportion of 0.80 (s.e.m. 0.076) of benzyl glucosinolate was hydrolysed to isothiocyanate by plant myrosinase. In the presence of both plant and microbial activity,, the proportion of benzyl isothiocyanate release was significantly decreased (0.50 s.e.m. 0.046, p < 0.01) suggesting microbial breakdown of isothiocyanates. The approach, adapted for use with human subjects, showed that the proportions of allyl isothiocyanate measured after ingestion of raw and cooked cabbage were 0.37 (s.e.m. 0.045) and 0.53 (s.e.m. 0.134) respectively in healthy male volunteers. A further experiment with rats established that isothiocyanate uptake in the distal digestive tract was significantly less than in the proximal intestine (0.12 s.e.m. 0.017 and 0.48 s.e.m. 0.029 respectively), suggesting a potential underestimation of isothiocyanate release in the distal digestive tract when using urinary markers. Finally, enhancement of bacterial fermentation by addition of inulin to the diet had little influence on isothiocyanate production in the gut. The findings suggested that the formation of the cancer-protective isothiocyanates was significant in vivo, thereby strengthening the evidence for a beneficial effect of cruciferous vegetables for health. The newly developed method opens up possibilities of concurrently exploring the digestive fate of isothiocyanates and the toxicity of carcinogenic compounds

Testing an ecophysiological mechanism of morphological plasticity in pupfish and its relevance to conservation efforts for endangered Devils Hole pupfish

Imperiled species that have been translocated or established in captivity can show rapid alterations in morphology and behavior, but the proximate mechanisms of such phenotypic changes are rarely known. Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) are endemic to a single desert pool and are characterized by a small body, large head and eyes, and lack of pelvic fins. To lessen the risk of extinction, additional populations of C. diabolis were established in artificial refuges. Yet, pupfish in these refuges rapidly shifted to a larger body, smaller head and eyes, and greater body depth. Here we examined how food availability and temperature, which differ between these habitats, influence morphological development in closely related Amargosa River pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae). We were interested in knowing whether these environmental factors could developmentally shift Amargosa River pupfish toward the morphology typical of pupfish in Devil\u27s Hole. By regulating food ration, we created groups of pupfish with low, medium and high growth rates. Pupfish with low growth showed proportionally larger head and eyes, smaller body depth, and reduction in pelvic fin development. Elevated temperature further inhibited pelvic fin development in all treatments. Pupfish in the low growth group also showed reduced levels of thyroid hormone, suggesting a possible physiological mechanism underlying these morphological changes. To test this mechanism further, pupfish were reared with goitrogens to pharmacologically inhibit endogenous thyroid hormone production. Pupfish given goitrogens developed larger heads and eyes, shallower bodies, and reduced pelvic fins. Taken together, our results suggest that changes in environmental factors affecting the growth and thyroid hormone status of juvenile pupfish may play a developmental role in generating the morphological differences between C. diabolis in Devil\u27s Hole and the refuges. These findings illustrate the need to incorporate a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic plasticity into conservation strategies to preserve imperiled fishes