414 research outputs found
ENVIE Co-ordination action on indoor air quality and health effects; WP3 Final report – Characterisation of spaces and source
Human exposure to environmental pollutants occurs via various pathways. For many
pollutants, especially the volatile ones, air exposure is the dominant pathway.
Exposure via air occurs both outdoors and indoors, with diverse types of indoor
spaces playing a role, e.g., home, workplace, and passenger cabins of means of
transportation. In average people spend over 90% of their time indoors, that
percentage being particularly high for some specific groups as new-born,
elderly, disabled or sick people. The global exposure to air contaminants is
therefore drastically determined by indoor conditions. It is now well
established that indoor air pollution contributes significantly to the global
burden of disease of the population. For a majority of indoor air contaminants,
particularly in the presence of common indoor sources, however, indoor
concentrations usually exceed outdoor concentrations, for some pollutants even
with an indoor/outdoor ratio of 10 or 20. Emissions are identified, accordingly
to the EnVIE approach and grouped into four categories: building materials and
related sources, including dampness and moulds; ventilation, natural and
mechanical, including, or not, heating, cooling and humidification/
dehumidification; consumer products, furnishing, cleaning and household
products; and occupant activities. Emission of chemical substances from
construction materials and products in buildings to the indoor air have been
reported and reviewed for a wide range of substances, including those formed
during secondary reactions, causing complaints of irritation and odour. During
the last two decades there has been increasing advances in construction
technology that have caused a much greater use of synthetic building materials.
Whilst these improvements have led to more comfortable buildings, they also
provide indoor environments with contaminants in higher concentrations than are
found outside. Wood and cork are now frequently used as a building product for
floor coverings, because the material is often regarded as “natural” and
“healthy”. However, industrial products, even based on natural raw materials,
may contain a number of artificial ingredients and the chemical emissions will
strongly depend on the type of additives and the manufacturing process. Modern
interior paints are usually based on a polymeric binder. In order to fulfil
requirements on e.g., durability, paint contains various functional chemicals.
Water-borne paints usually also contains small amounts of approved biocides.
Polymeric binders with a very low content of residual monomers have been
developed for paint. Besides the release of substances to the indoor air due to
primary emission, damp building materials may give rise to volatile substances
formed during secondary reactions. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are
now receiving much more attention than heretofore. The HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems as providers, among others, of
services of cleaning and dilution of pollutants in the indoor air are also
recognized as potential pollution sources. Several studies have shown that the
prevalence of SBS symptoms is often higher in air conditioned buildings than in
buildings with natural ventilation. 8 The outdoor air introduced indoors through
either ventilation systems or natural means is also an important and not always
controllable source for the intake of some outdoor pollutants. Outdoor air used
for ventilation may also be source of pollution containing particulate matter,
particulates of biological origin (microorganisms, pollen, etc.) and various
gases like NOx and O building structures which is a driving force for the
airflows which will transport to indoors water vapour and gaseous or particulate
contaminants. Volatile organic compounds are emitted from a wide variety of
household and consumer products with emission rates that are strongly dependent
on the type of application and are distributed over several orders of magnitude.
A number of product classes are identified and information on ingredients and
available data on emissions from individual products are presented. Human
activities and the associated use of products encompass a wide range of indoor
sources involving release of inorganic gases, particles and organic compounds as
a consequence of the activity. For some releases such as with air fresheners the
release is a necessary part of the activity to achieve the intended effect
whereas for others, such as the release of combustion fumes from a gas
appliance, the purpose of the action (in this case generation of heat) is
different from the emission. Combustion processes are an important source of a
range of air pollutants as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide,
particulates and associated inorganic and organic chemicals, organic vapours
e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzene. Sources of these are present in
both ambient and indoor environments. The concentrations present in the ambient
air provide a baseline for the level of pollutant found indoors as this air
enters indoors by processes of infiltration and ventilation. However, the
concentration indoors will be modified by processes of sorption to surfaces and
chemical reaction depending on the chemical and physical properties of the
pollutant and internal surfaces. People themselves are a source of emissions of
chemicals and gases, notably CO range of organic compounds that are referred to
as body odours. The removal of such body odours is a prime objective of
ventilation in order to achieve a satisfactory indoor environment. WP3 aims at
to characterize spaces and sources in order to understand where and how to act
to guarantee good IAQ. From the two strategies for good IAQ, source control and
ventilation, the precautionary principle suggests that first priority shall be
given to source control, avoiding, mitigating or simply managing sources of
emissions. An overview of all policies on IAQ or related to IAQ, existing or in
preparation, directly related to indoor air sources, but also covering outdoor
air and industrial emissions, which could affect indirectly IAQ is made.
Considering the presented it could be concluded that IAQ is yet poorly regulated
at EU level, and in view of that some recommendations are made. The
recommendations on policies have taken into account the existing related to IAQ
policies such as new EU policies on chemicals (REACH; 2006/121/EC), consumer
products (GPSD; 2001/95/EC), construction products (CPD; 89/106/EC) and energy
performance of buildings (EPBD; 2002/91/EC) all refer to IAQ issues - suggesting
that they could, and probably should, contribute to IAQ policy development and
advocate an integrative and comprehensive policy approach centred
Used food oils: physical-chemical indicators of quality degradation
Comunicação apresentada em 11th Baltic Conference on Food Science and Technology “Food science and technology in achanging world” FOODBALT 2017 Conference Proceedings. Jelgava, LLUUsed food oil (UFO), designated as frying oil, is a residue. Degradation by reuse or during storage, may occur by contacting, chemical, enzymatic and microbiological pathways, but oxidation is a major concern of the industry, as it affects sensory and nutritional quality of edible oils, with potentially toxic compounds formation. In Portugal, UFO's main destination still is the sewerage system, an environmental problem and waste of raw material, which can be re-qualified for non-food uses. However, quality control applied to UFO's, often results into expensive analysis inappropriate for small laboratories and catering industry. This project, developed with the Musketeers Group Portugal co-promotion (2012-2016), aimed to identify low-cost physicochemical parameters for further implementation as UFO's Quality Degradation Indicators (QDI) indicating defects quickly and accurately. UFO's analysis was tested on the use, for industrial frying, and by degradation induced in the laboratory (frying and heat stability tests) by applying following parameters: moisture, water activity (a(w)), total acidity, peroxide index, iodine index, colour (CIE, CIE Lab), UV absorbency, total polar compounds and microbiological indicators. Internal procedures (ESAS) were validated, redefining working ranges and test conditions, as standards procedures did not provide reliable results for the entire life cycle of oils, whose profile changes with time and reuse. Results demonstrate significant differences with quick response parameters as Total Acidity, Peroxide Index and CIE Lab colour, outlined as QDI's. Moisture, aw and CIE Lab colour proved to be inadequate for this purpose. Iodine Index and UV Absorbency are more complex and time-consuming and were profiled as reference methods.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
"Desossando a composição da vida": fotografia e silêncio em carta a uma amiga, de Inês Pedrosa e Maria Irene Crespo
A análise da modalidade project finance no financiamento do setor elétrico brasileiro: estudo de caso de uma geradora eólica
O setor elétrico brasileiro passou por constantes alterações até chegar ao modelo utilizado nos dias atuais, baseado na contratação de energia elétrica por meio de leilões. Com os leilões de energia, a expansão da capacidade instalada proveniente da energia gerada por parques eólicos aumentou exponencialmente, assim como, o papel o financiamento neste setor. Como projetos de infraestrutura exigem um alto aporte de capital, já que grandes obras de construção são realizadas, a modalidade de financiamento project finance ganhou relevância justamente por ter como característica a alta contração de dívidas através de empréstimos de curto e longo prazo, deixando um percentual menor para o aporte de equity dos acionistas. Dessa forma, como o presente trabalho tem como foco a fonte eólica dentro do setor elétrico, será apresentado a relação do setor elétrico com a estruturação de um financiamento baseado na modalidade project finance, mostrando em um último capítulo, através de um estudo de caso de uma geradora eólica, como ocorre na prática tanto a relação entre o SEB e a modalidade project finance, quanto a dinâmica de estruturação de um projeto nesses moldes
Cuidado integral e ideación suicida en el adulto mayor de 60 años a más, Lima 2020.
En el actual trabajo el objetivo de esta investigación fue: determinar el cuidado
integral e ideación suicida en el adulto mayor de 60 años a más, Lima 2020.
Métodos: en esta investigación se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo, con diseño
interpretativo y descriptivo, se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada previo a ello se
hizo firmar el consentimiento informado, los sujetos de estudio fueron 8 adultos
mayores tanto de sexo femenino como de masculino entre las edades de 60 a 75
años en la ciudad de Lima, se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico y la saturación
de información, se utilizó el análisis de contenido mediante la triangulación de las
entrevistas, los estudios previos y la teoría de cuidadora psicodinámica de
Hildegart Peplou en la relación cuidador/ adulto mayor. Resultado: se constató
que el cuidado integral no se cumple debido a que los cuidadores no tienen
estudios con respecto a brindar una atención adecuada en la salud, un cuidado
holístico, se presenció que la familia tampoco se involucra en el cuidado
emocional que requiere el adulto mayor, por lo que se constató que los adultos
mayores son vulnerables ante cualquier situación, llegaron a tener pensamientos e
ideación de suicidio manifestando que fue por diversos problemas como la
depresión, el abandono, el maltrato familiar, las enfermedades crónicas y también
por antecedentes familiares que se presentaron en su familia. Conclusión: En
esta tesis se determinó que el cuidado integral e ideación suicida en los adulto
mayores de 60 años a más se realiza por parte de un familiar cercano, el cual
quiere cumplir con un rol cuidador, pero al no contar con estudios que requieran el
cuidado integral no cumplen con el objetivo, llevando al adulto mayor al riesgo de
padecer enfermedades crónicas y mentales, debido a que no se finaliza con el
cuidado adecuado por parte de este familiar hacia el rol que cumple el adulto
mayor en su familia
Nivel de conocimiento y prácticas sobre estimulación temprana de madres de escolares de dos instituciones educativas pública y privada de Lima, 2019
Determina el nivel de conocimiento y prácticas sobre estimulación temprana
de madres de escolares de dos instituciones educativas pública y privada de Lima, 2019.
El estudio realizado es de tipo observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal. Participaron 71 madres de familia de los escolares del centro de educación pre escolar “Little San Borja” y la IEI 528 “Alegría de Jesús” de San Borja, 2019. Se utilizó instrumentos previamente validados. Obtiene que el nivel de conocimientos generales de estimulación temprana es medio (55%), el tipo de práctica de estimulación realizado mayoritariamente fue el inadecuado (59%), el nivel de conocimientos sobre la estimulación de las áreas motora, lenguaje, social y coordinación fue mayoritariamente medio en todos los casos (50.7% 43,7% 40,8% y 47,9% respectivamente). Se hizo además una comparación de los niveles de conocimiento registrados en razón del nivel educativo de las madres y en razón del tipo de colegio, resultando que las madres de familia con educación primaria completa e incompleta presentaron mayoritariamente un nivel de conocimiento alto (50%), las que tuvieron educación secundaria completa e Incompleta presentaron mayoritariamente un
nivel medio (61%) y las madres con un nivel educativo superior también presentaron mayoritariamente un nivel medio (50%) sobre estimulación temprana, además las madres de familia del centro educativo escolar privado presentaron los mayores grados de conocimiento alto (25,8%) y medio (64,5%) sobre estimulación temprana. Concluye que el nivel de conocimientos generales de estimulación temprana de las madres de los escolares del centro de educación pre escolar “Little San Borja” y la IEI 528 Alegría de Jesús de San Borja fue mayoritariamente de nivel medio a nivel general y específicamente en las áreas motora, de coordinación, social y del área de lenguaje siendo las madres de familia del centro educativo escolar privado las que registraron los mayores grados de conocimiento sobre la estimulación temprana. Así mismo, el tipo de práctica de estimulación realizado por ellas fue mayoritariamente el inadecuado.Tesi
Estudio estratégico del mercado de snacks en Lima Metropolitana
El presente trabajo fue realizado como base para el marco teórico de mi tesis titulada “Estudio de pre-factibilidad para la producción y venta de ensaladas de frutas mediante máquinas expendedoras en universidades Lima Metropolitana”, buscando poder realizar un análisis general del rubro que permita determinar factores relevantes a tomar en cuenta para una empresa que quiera ingresar a competir en él, así como resaltar las mejores prácticas ya usadas por las principales empresas que participan de él. Para ello, se realizó un análisis actual tanto del país como del rubro, mediante la revisión tanto de pronósticos generados por el BCR, investigación de las nuevas normas vigentes en nuestro país, revisión de censos pasados y de distintas encuestas realizadas por investigadoras internacionales correspondientes al Perú. Asimismo, se investigó a detalle a las empresas mejor posicionadas en el rubro de modo que se puedan conocer cuáles son las nuevas tendencias que ayudan a que se mantengan vigentes y como se van adaptando antes las nuevas necesidades de sus consumidores, las cuales varían constantemente a raíz de las nuevas necesidades que los aquejen. Con toda esa información, finalmente se llegó a constatar la hipótesis de que el presente rubro es muy dinámico y se necesita de constante innovación, así como de la revisión permanente de la cadena de suministro y de las necesidades del público objetivo para poder seguir compitiendo en él.Trabajo de investigació
- …