Validación de un Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos en el Tránsito

Over 20000 people die due to car accidents (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Moreover, other 700000 suffer injuries that result in hospitalization, as well as 40000 individuals end up with some sort of disability (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Alarmingly, Cervantes-Trejo (2009) reported that this problematic is rising every year. Aggressive driving is one of the main causes of traffic accidents. In this study, aggressive driving is defined in terms of inconsiderateness towards others, risky driving and frustration/hostility behaviors. The aim of this study was to create and validate an instrument to assess the construct. We intended to answer the following research question: Is the Aggressive Driving Behavior Inventory valid and reliable? This is a local validation study in Cuernavaca, Morelos in Mexico. We carried out three studies sampling 2454 participants. In the first study, we found more items in the dimension frustration/hostility behaviors rather than the ones in the other dimensions. In the second one, we discovered a high construct validity and acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. In the third one, we found that the measure obtained a high construct validity and good internal consistency. Nonetheless, we didn’t assess the content, convergent and divergent validity. We concluded that the Aggressive Driving Behavior Inventory is valid measure but needs further assessment of its psychometric soundness in a representative sample.Anualmente fallecen más de 20 mil personas en accidentes viales. (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Asimismo, otras 700 mil sufren daños que requieren de hospitalización, así como 40 mil personas  sufren lesiones que terminan en algún tipo de discapacidad (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Sin embargo, estos números rápidamente van en aumento año tras año (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Una de las causas principales de la accidentalidad es la agresividad vial. Para este estudio, la agresividad vial se define en términos de poca consideración, conducción de riesgo y manifestación de frustración/enfado. Para ello, este estudio estableció como objetivo principal el construir el Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos en el Tránsito que midiera el constructo. Se planteó la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Es válido y fiable el inventario generado? Esta investigación fue una validación local en Cuernavaca, Morelos, con 2454 participantes. Se hicieron tres estudios. El primero encontró que hubo más ítems generados en manifestación de frustración/enfado que para poca consideración y conducción de riesgo. El segundo estudio encontró una alta validez de constructo y aceptable consistencia interna. El tercer estudio encontró una alta validez de constructo y buena consistencia interna. Sin embargo, no se evaluaron la validez de contenido, convergente ni divergente. Se concluye que el Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos es un instrumento válido pero requiere de estudios adicionales para evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra representativa

Pollution-Aware Walking in 16 Countries:An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

Background: The current levels of air pollution in European countries reduces life expectancy by an average of 8 months. People who actively travel by walking have a higher level of exposure to air pollution than those who use motor vehicles or electric buses. Some routes have higher air pollution levels than others, but little is known about pollution-aware route choice and intentions to actively avoid walking near polluted roads. An improved understanding of how air pollution influences intentions to walk or avoid polluted routes can inform interventions to decrease exposure. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution across countries; (2) identify groups of countries based on perceptions of air quality; and (3) examine how pedestrians develop their intentions of avoiding pollution using the extended TPB (demographics, social norms, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk).Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied. Pedestrians were asked about their experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution. To identify groups of countries with different levels of air pollution, a cluster analysis was implemented based on the perceptions of air quality. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions to avoid polluted roads per country group using the extended TPB.Results: 6180 respondents (Age M(SD)= 29.4(14.2); Males= 39.2%) ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland completed the questionnaire. The proportion of participants who reported never walking near air polluted roads was 12.4% (from 3% in Brazil to 54% in Japan). Seven groups of countries were identified using perceptions of air quality: G1(Japan, Mexico, Colombia, Turkey, Malaysia & Brazil), G2(Spain, Romania & Czechia), G3(Chile, Russia & Peru), G4(China), G5(Australia), G6(Finland), and G7(Portugal). Participants in China (G4) and Australia (G5) reported the worst and best air quality respectively. Across all countries, intentions to avoid polluted roads were associated with perceptions of risk. TPB-psychosocial factors such as social norms and perceived behavioural control also influenced intention in most groups. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increase intentions to avoid polluted routes.Conclusions: The willingness of pedestrians to walk on or near roads with high levels of air pollution differs significantly among countries in this study. Countries can be grouped based on their perceived air quality. Perceived risk was the only common predictor of intention to avoid polluted routes across the different groups of countries

Alcohol-impaired Walking in 16 Countries:A Theory-Based Investigation

Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was “have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?” to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.</p

El uso prolongado de videojuegos violentos influye en la percepción de la violencia de adultos jóvenes

The present study states the possibility that the use of videogames that are of a violent nature is associated to a greater perception of violence in one’s environment. An instrument was constructed that evaluates the frequency of use of a series of the most common videogames, the level of violence that they have, and a small scale that aims to determine the perception of violence. Said instrument was used to gather a sample of 549 young adults, who were contacted through different settings. The results of this study state that whilst a person plays more videogames, the greater his perception of violence will be, and the greater he or she will invest time in playing videogames of a violent nature. Also, it is found that the level of education predicts the frequency of playing less violent videogames, which recommends exploring psychological variables in future studies.El presente estudio plantea la posibilidad de que el uso de videojuegos de naturaleza violenta esté asociado a una mayor percepción de violencia en el entorno. El objetivo principal es determinar la influencia que tiene el jugar videojuegos de naturaleza violenta con la percepción de la violencia del entorno. Con este fin, se construye un instrumento que evalúa la frecuencia con la que se juega una serie de videojuegos más comunes, y el nivel de violencia que tienen los mismos, además de una pequeña escala que busca determinar la percepción de la violencia. Dicho instrumento fue aplicado a una muestra de 549 adultos jóvenes, quienes fueron abordados a través de diversos escenarios. Los resultados de este estudio demostraron que mientras más se jueguen videojuegos, mayor será la predilección de juegos de naturaleza violenta. Además, se encuentra que el nivel educativo es un predictor de la predilección de menos juegos violentos, por lo que se recomienda abordar otras variables psicológicas en futuros estudios

Jugar videojuegos violentos no influye en la agresividad vial de adultos jóvenes.

The use of violent videogames is commonly associated to aggressive behavior, especially amongst youngsters. Are these variables related? The use of videogames is understood as playing on computerized systems for purpose of entertainment, and traffic aggression is defined as any behavior that has the goal of reducing the well-being of one or more individuals in the context of driving a motor vehicle. This study had the purpose to establish the connection between these two variables, by means of a quantitative, cross-sectional and ex-post facto methodology and previously designed questionnaires. A collection of 217 participants that met this study’s requirements was conformed, most of which were young men with some university studies. A statistical relationship between use of violent videogames and aggressive behavior while driving could not be found. El uso de videojuegos violentos se asocia por sentido común con el comportamiento agresivo, especialmente de los jóvenes. ¿Están asociadas estas dos variables? Se entiende como uso de videojuegos el invertir tiempo en sistemas computarizados de entretenimiento, mientras que la agresividad vial se entiende como todo aquel comportamiento que tiene como fin la reducción del bienestar de uno o más individuos del entorno a través del uso de un vehículo automotor. Este estudio tuvo como fin establecer el vínculo entre estas dos variables, a través de un diseño cuantitativo, transversal, ex post facto, e instrumentos utilizados en otros estudios. Se abordó a una colección de 217 participantes que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales la mayoría fueron hombres jóvenes con estudios universitarios. Se encontró que no existe una relación probabilística entre el uso de videojuegos violentos y el comportamiento agresivo en la movilidad.

Playing violent videogames does not influence traffic aggression in young adults

The use of violent videogames is commonly associated to aggressive behavior, especially amongst youngsters. Are these variables related? The use of videogames is understood as playing on computerized systems for purpose of entertainment, and traffic aggression is defined as any behavior that has the goal of reducing the well-being of one or more individuals in the context of driving a motor vehicle. This study had the purpose to establish the connection between these two variables, by means of a quantitative, cross-sectional and ex-post facto methodology and previously designed questionnaires. A collection of 217 participants that met this study’s requirements was conformed, most of which were young men with some university studies. A statistical relationship between use of violent videogames and aggressive behavior while driving could not be found

Validación de un Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos en el Tránsito

Over 20000 people die due to car accidents (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Moreover, other 700000 suffer injuries that result in hospitalization, as well as 40000 individuals end up with some sort of disability (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Alarmingly, Cervantes-Trejo (2009) reported that this problematic is rising every year. Aggressive driving is one of the main causes of traffic accidents. In this study, aggressive driving is defined in terms of inconsiderateness towards others, risky driving and frustration/hostility behaviors. The aim of this study was to create and validate an instrument to assess the construct. We intended to answer the following research question: Is the Aggressive Driving Behavior Inventory valid and reliable? This is a local validation study in Cuernavaca, Morelos in Mexico. We carried out three studies sampling 2454 participants. In the first study, we found more items in the dimension frustration/hostility behaviors rather than the ones in the other dimensions. In the second one, we discovered a high construct validity and acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. In the third one, we found that the measure obtained a high construct validity and good internal consistency. Nonetheless, we didn’t assess the content, convergent and divergent validity. We concluded that the Aggressive Driving Behavior Inventory is valid measure but needs further assessment of its psychometric soundness in a representative sample.Anualmente fallecen más de 20 mil personas en accidentes viales. (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Asimismo, otras 700 mil sufren daños que requieren de hospitalización, así como 40 mil personas  sufren lesiones que terminan en algún tipo de discapacidad (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Sin embargo, estos números rápidamente van en aumento año tras año (Cervantes-Trejo, 2009). Una de las causas principales de la accidentalidad es la agresividad vial. Para este estudio, la agresividad vial se define en términos de poca consideración, conducción de riesgo y manifestación de frustración/enfado. Para ello, este estudio estableció como objetivo principal el construir el Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos en el Tránsito que midiera el constructo. Se planteó la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Es válido y fiable el inventario generado? Esta investigación fue una validación local en Cuernavaca, Morelos, con 2454 participantes. Se hicieron tres estudios. El primero encontró que hubo más ítems generados en manifestación de frustración/enfado que para poca consideración y conducción de riesgo. El segundo estudio encontró una alta validez de constructo y aceptable consistencia interna. El tercer estudio encontró una alta validez de constructo y buena consistencia interna. Sin embargo, no se evaluaron la validez de contenido, convergente ni divergente. Se concluye que el Inventario de Comportamientos Agresivos es un instrumento válido pero requiere de estudios adicionales para evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra representativa

Preferencias implícitas de una muestra española: una técnica novedosa para determinar preferencias raciales

Racial preferences that are expressed explicitly may lack information and be lacking in character, either because people prefer not to express their attitudes wholly, or because they are not completely aware of them. The Implicit Association Test (IAT), developed by Greenwald, Banaji and Nosek, evaluates the implicit preference of people through an internet platform. It demonstrates that when a person shows a preference in particular, it is possible that said attitude has a component that may not be conscious that could be modified. Sample was comprised of 235 subjects that, through the IAT internet website, completed the race implicit preference task (black and white). Results indicate that there is an explicit preference towards white people over black people, and that implicit preference is of stronger intensity than explicit preference, in the same sense.Las preferencias raciales expresadas explícitamente pueden carecer de información que sea completa en su contenido, ya sea porque las personas prefieren no expresar sus actitudes per se o tal vez porque no estén al tanto de ellas. El Implicit Association Test (IAT), desarrollado por Greenwald, Banaji y Nosek, evalúa las preferencias implícitas de las personas a través de una plataforma de internet. Demuestra que cuando una persona expresa una preferencia en particular, es posible que no conciba que esa actitud tenga un componente inconsciente y que pueda modificarla. Se obtuvieron 235 sujetos que respondieron a la prueba de preferencia implícita de raza (negra y blanca), a través del portal de internet del IAT. Los resultados indican que hay una preferencia explícita hacia personas blancas sobre las personas de color, y que la preferencia implícita es de mayor intensidad que la explícita, en el mismo sentido

Preferencias implícitas de una muestra española: una técnica novedosa para determinar preferencias raciales

Racial preferences that are expressed explicitly may lack information and be lacking in character, either because people prefer not to express their attitudes wholly, or because they are not completely aware of them. The Implicit Association Test (IAT), developed by Greenwald, Banaji and Nosek, evaluates the implicit preference of people through an internet platform. It demonstrates that when a person shows a preference in particular, it is possible that said attitude has a component that may not be conscious that could be modified. Sample was comprised of 235 subjects that, through the IAT internet website, completed the race implicit preference task (black and white). Results indicate that there is an explicit preference towards white people over black people, and that implicit preference is of stronger intensity than explicit preference, in the same sense.Las preferencias raciales expresadas explícitamente pueden carecer de información que sea completa en su contenido, ya sea porque las personas prefieren no expresar sus actitudes per se o tal vez porque no estén al tanto de ellas. El Implicit Association Test (IAT), desarrollado por Greenwald, Banaji y Nosek, evalúa las preferencias implícitas de las personas a través de una plataforma de internet. Demuestra que cuando una persona expresa una preferencia en particular, es posible que no conciba que esa actitud tenga un componente inconsciente y que pueda modificarla. Se obtuvieron 235 sujetos que respondieron a la prueba de preferencia implícita de raza (negra y blanca), a través del portal de internet del IAT. Los resultados indican que hay una preferencia explícita hacia personas blancas sobre las personas de color, y que la preferencia implícita es de mayor intensidad que la explícita, en el mismo sentido