Materialidade, maternidade e outras matrizes

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2022.O presente texto tem como objetivo discutir a correlação metafórica entre maternidade e materialidade e como as metáforas utilizadas acabam informando correntes da filosofia feminista. Dividido em três partes, o texto aborda a princípio a correlação metafórica entre matéria/mãe a partir da leitura que Luce Irigaray faz da representação aristotélica sobre a reprodução humana. Nos textos de Aristóteles (em especial na Física e na Geração dos Animais), Irigaray encontra um elemento que em sua perspectiva é crucial para a filosofia ocidental: o esquecimento da matéria, da maternidade e do nascimento a que a autora dá o nome de matricídio. Assim, na primeira parte, que leva o título de Materialidade, a discussão filosófico-feminista sobre o nascimento, o contínuo corporal com a mãe e o significado político de nascer aparecem brevemente. Na segunda parte, Maternidade, o argumento caminha no sentido de mostrar que o mecanicismo, ao oferecer uma outra forma de pensar a matéria, foi acompanhado por uma mudança na metáfora da maternidade: a mãe-máquina. A partir disso, o texto discute algumas interpretações literais da metáfora moderna. A primeira delas é a de Silvia Federici, que afirma a centralidade de um tipo renovado de maternidade na origem do capitalismo, a mãe passa a ser parte da estrutura de produção do maquinário do capital. A proposta de mecanização literal do aspecto biológico da maternidade, por Shulamith Firestone é a segunda interpretação literal, e a última é a crítica de Gena Corea a tecnologias de reprodução, entendidas por ela como um meio de tornar mecânica a maternidade. A última parte, Outras Matrizes, é uma tentativa de compor uma visão renovada sobre a maternidade e materialidade que não pressuponha o matricídio, compreendendo, por um lado, a reprodução em um quadro mais amplo de geratividade e por outro, discutindo como os discursos sobre gestação, nascimento e nascer implicam uma visão do que seja o indivíduo, do que consiste o que chamamos de agência e de como se dá o processo de individuação.The present text aims to discuss the metaphorical correlation between motherhood and materiality and how the metaphors used end up informing currents of feminist philosophy. Divided into three parts, the text initially addresses the metaphorical correlation between matter/mother based on the critique that Luce Irigaray does on the Aristotelian representation of human reproduction. In the Aristotelian texts (Physics and On the Generation of Animals), Irigaray finds one element that, in her perspective, is crucial for Western philosophy: the forgetting of matter, motherhood and birth, that she names matricide. Thus, in the first part, which bears the title of Materiality, the philosophical-feminist discussion about birth, the corporal continuum with the mother and the political meaning of being born appear briefly. In the second part, Maternity, the argument moves towards showing that the mechanicism, by offering another way of thinking about matter, was followed by a change in the metaphor of motherhood: the mother-machine. From this, the text discusses some literal interpretations of the modern metaphor. The first one is Silvia Federici’s, who affirms the centrality of a renewed type of motherhood at the origin of capitalism, the mother becomes part of the production structure of the capital machinery. Shulamith Firestone's proposal of literal mechanization of the biological aspect of motherhood is the second literal interpretation, and the last one is Gena Corea's critique of reproductive technologies, understood as a means of making motherhood machine-like. The last part, Other Matrices, is an attempt to compose a renewed view of matter and motherhood that does not presuppose matricide as a basis, comprising, on one hand, reproduction in a broader framework of generativity and, on the other, discussing how the discourses about reproduction, care, gestation and birth imply a vision of the individual, of what agency consists in, and how the individuation process takes place

GÊNERO NAS AULAS DE FILOSOFIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO: ANÁLISE DE UM LIVRO DIDÁTICO

O presente artigo busca investigar como a temática de gênero pode ser inserida em um currículo em Filosofia, como parte de uma política pública de combate a violência contra mulheres. Seguindo os passos de Clarissa Castro (2016), analisou-se a mais recente edição de um livro didático popular, Filosofando: Introdução à Filosofia, escrito por Maria Lúcia Aranha e Maria Helena Martins e que constou no Plano Nacional do Livro Didático na última década. Seguindo o diagnóstico de Castro, percebe-se uma desproporção muito grande entre autores e autoras e as questões de gênero são tratadas como não filosóficas. O texto termina apontando a necessidade de produção de materiais didáticos complementares para auxiliar o(a) professor(a) a abordar o assunto em sala de aula

How can sexual difference make a difference : remarks on what could sexual difference be

Este artigo procura experimentar com a noção de diferença sexual, tentando dar-lhe outras roupagens, a partir de críticas que surgem no seio da produção teórica feminista – como as de Monique Wittig e Judith Butler – mas também de tentativas de resgatá-la ou re-significá-la como nos escritos de Luce Irigaray e Rosi Braidotti. Será que a teoria queer e a crítica a política de identidade acabam de vez com o projeto de diferença sexual, ou há algo que sobra _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe article endeavours to experiment with the notion of sexual difference, trying to dress it differently on the basis of the criticisms that came out of some feminist theory – particularly those of Monique Wittig and Judith Butler. It also attempts to rescue it from these criticisms based on the works of Luce Irigaray and Rosi Braidotti. Do queer theory and the criticisms to identity politics leave no more space to the project of sexual difference? Or there is still something that is left out

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe