Incorporating Season and Solar Specificity into Renderings made by a NeRF Architecture using Satellite Images

As a result of Shadow NeRF and Sat-NeRF, it is possible to take the solar angle into account in a NeRF-based framework for rendering a scene from a novel viewpoint using satellite images for training. Our work extends those contributions and shows how one can make the renderings season-specific. Our main challenge was creating a Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) that could render seasonal features independently of viewing angle and solar angle while still being able to render shadows. We teach our network to render seasonal features by introducing one more input variable -- time of the year. However, the small training datasets typical of satellite imagery can introduce ambiguities in cases where shadows are present in the same location for every image of a particular season. We add additional terms to the loss function to discourage the network from using seasonal features for accounting for shadows. We show the performance of our network on eight Areas of Interest containing images captured by the Maxar WorldView-3 satellite. This evaluation includes tests measuring the ability of our framework to accurately render novel views, generate height maps, predict shadows, and specify seasonal features independently from shadows. Our ablation studies justify the choices made for network design parameters.Comment: 18 pages, 17 figures, 10 table

A NeRF for all Seasons

As a result of Shadow NeRF and Sat-NeRF, it is possible to take the solar angle into account in a NeRF-based framework for rendering a scene from a novel viewpoint using satellite images for training. Our work extends those contributions and shows how one can make the renderings season-specific. Our main challenge was creating a Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) that could render seasonal features independently of viewing angle and solar angle while still being able to render shadows. We teach our network to render seasonal features by introducing one more input variable — time of the year. However, the small training datasets typical of satellite imagery can introduce ambiguities in cases where shadows are present in the same location for every image of a particular season. We add additional terms to the loss function to discourage the network from using seasonal features for accounting for shadows. We show the performance of our network on eight Areas of Interest containing images captured by the Maxar WorldView-3 satellite. This evaluation includes tests measuring the ability of our framework to accurately render novel views, generate height maps, predict shadows, and specify seasonal features independently from shadows. Our ablation studies justify the choices made for network design parameters. Also included in this work is a novel approach to space carving which merges multiple features and consistency metrics at different spatial scales to create higher quality digital surface map than is possible using standard RGB features

An analysis of adolescent male and female responses to Kohlberg\u27s moral interview: Using two different editions of the Standard Issue Scoring Manual (1979 vs. 1987)

Early research in the area of Kohlberg\u27s six stages of cognitive moral development theory originally led to the conclusion that men and women operated at different stages of moral development. For almost twenty years researchers have asked why women\u27s moral development tends to be score at stage 3 interpersonal harmony and men at stage 4 law and order. Since the original findings in 1969 by Kohlberg and Kramer, several different explanations have been offered to explain this phenomena. Walker (1983) and Kohlberg (1984) stated this paradox resulted from the insensitivities inherent in earlier scoring systems which were corrected in the 1987 Revised Scoring Manual. This study examined this claim by comparing the scores derived from two different editions of the Kohlberg Standard Issue Scoring Manual 1979 vs. 1987. Seventy high school students (14-18) were administered the Kohlberg Moral Judgment Interview (MJI). The sample consisted of 35 males and 35 females. The protocols were transcribed and coded to prevent the researcher from knowing the gender of the responses during the scoring process. The research first scored the protocols using the 1979 manual and then several years later rescored them a second time using the 1987 manual. The researcher found evidence that the 1987 manual revised and increased the number of the criterion judgments used in determining stages of moral development. Of the 70 protocols scored, 48 percent of the subjects\u27 level of moral reasoning changed from the scores determined by the 1979 manual to the scores determined by the 1987 manual. In the female sub-group, 40 percent of the protocols changed and in the male sub-group, 57 percent of the protocols changed. Correlation studies revealed a.73 relationship between the scores determined between the two manuals. In this sample the following stages showed the greatest changes: transitional stage 2 (3) and 3. Each genders\u27 responses were also analyzed for usage of moral elements. Under the standard issue scoring system these elements represented four different moral orientations. Gender differences were found only with those elements listed under the philosophy of Normative Order. In this sample, males more frequently used those elements related to blame as a justification for determining the morally right action