Nonsymmetric variants of the prekernel and the prenucleolus

A solution on a class of TU games that satisfies the axioms of the pre-nucleolus or -kernel except the equal treatment property and is single valued for two-person games, is a nonsymmetric pre-nucleolus (NSPN) or -kernel (NSPK). In this paper we investigate the NSPKs and NSPNs and their relations to the positive prekernel and to the positive core. It turns out that any NSPK is a subsolution of the positive prekernel. Moreover, it is shown that an arbitrary NSPK, when applied to a TU game, intersects the set of preimputations whose dissatisfactions coincide with the dissatisfactions of an arbitrary element of any other NSPK applied to this game. This result also provides a new proof of sufficiency of the characterizing condition for NSPKs due to the first author in his PhD thesis published in 1994 as a discussion paper. Any NSPN belongs to "its" NSPK. Several classes of NSPNs are presented, all of them are subsolutions of the positive core. It is shown that any NSPN is a subsolution of the positive core provided that it satisfies the equal treatment property on an infinite universe of potential players. Moreover, we prove that, for any game that has a nonempty anticore, any NSPN selects its prenucleolus as its unique element.TU game; Solution concept; Kernel; Nucleolus; Core; Equal treatment

FINANCIAL REPORTING AND THE DASHBOARD

The domain of accounting and management control at the level of multinational corporations operating in a global economic environment is an interesting blend of two disciplines: the international component of management and, on the other hand, the more technically challenging side of recording and handling financial-accounting information, which is seen as an "optimal information package". The need for accounting and management control derives from the company's strategy, serving as a source of information for the management and as an instrument for validating the convergence of the company's interests and those of its employees

Framing the Balkans: Everyday Life Beyond Stereotypes

Die kontinuierliche Konzeptualisierung des Balkans als das Andere neben Europa und die anhaltenden Spannungen in der Identität der in der Region lebenden Völker sind ein wiederkehrendes Thema, das die wissenschaftliche Arbeit über diese Region kennzeichnet. Everyday life in the Balkans, herausgegeben von David W. Montgomery, ein Beitrag zu einem seit Jahrzehnten vernachlässigten Teilgebiet, bietet eine breite Palette von Themen und Ansichten, die Aufschluss darüber geben, wie der durchschnittliche Balkan mit Kunst, Kultur und Politik umgeht und behandelt Religion, Geschichte, Lebensunterhalt, Identitätswandel und nachbarschaftliche Beziehungen im täglichen Leben. Die Autoren decken alle Länder der Region ab und bieten Einblicke in die Veränderungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten, einschließlich der Zeit nach dem Sozialismus und nach dem Krieg, aber auch in die Zusammenhänge der vergangenen Ereignisse mit der modernen Dynamik von Alltag auf der Halbinsel.The continuous conceptualization of the Balkans as the Other next door to Europe and the persisting tensions in the identities of the peoples inhabiting the area are recurring themes that mark the academic work about this region. Everyday life in the Balkans, edited by David W. Montgomery, a contribution to a subfield that has been neglected for many decades, offers a wide range of topics and views that shed light into how the average Balkan person deals with art, culture, politics, religion, history, livelihood, shifting identities, and neighborly relations in daily life. Covering all the countries of the region, the authors offer insights into what changes the area has undergone in the last decades, including post-socialist and post-war periods, but also keeping an eye on how the past events connect with the modern dynamics of everyday life in the peninsula

The Development of Facilities and Infrastructure to Support Sustainable Coastal Tourism in Belitung Regency

Tourism development was development that create added value in all aspects of tourism, ranging from infrastructure, attraction of tourism, and other aspects. One of the tourism developments, among others, the development of coastal tourism. The development must be carried sustainable coastal tourism development. Issues contained in the Pacific Islands Coastal Area Tourism was not accommodated well as the existence of its good infrastructure and the absence of supporting public facilities that can support the activities of visitors and tourism are less well-organized system of coastal tourism management by government Belitung regency. Based on this, the need for sustainable development of coastal areas. Facilities that support to achieved all the equipment in order to optimize the area of tourism

Locating Early Modern Orientalism: Epistemology, Empire, and European Consciousness

Das von Edward Said entworfene Konzept des Orientalismus hatte einen bleibenden Einfluss in den Geisteswissenschaften, so wird an der Nuancierung und Klärung einzelner Ideen immer noch gearbeitet. Der von Marcus Keller und Javier Irigoyen-García herausgegebene Sammelband The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe, ein Beitrag eines bisher unterrepräsentierten Teilgebietes, stellt die Ansicht in Frage, dass der Orientalismus des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts dem der nächsten zwei Jahrhunderte ähnelt. Die Autoren basieren ihren Ansatz auf der Hegelschen Theorie der ‚These - Antithese - Synthese‘ und weisen auf die grundlegenden Unterschiede hin, die in den Auseinandersetzungen der Humanisten der damaligen Zeit mit dem orientalischen Anderen vorhanden waren. Der Band deckt weite geographische Gebiete ab und behandelt Themen wie den Aufbau von Imperien, die Erkenntnistheorie des Orients und die Bildung eines imaginären Europas.Orientalism as conceived by Edward Said has had a lasting influence and it has produced notions that scholars from humanities are still working to nuance and clarify. The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe, edited by Marcus Keller and Javier Irigoyen-García, a contribution to a subfield that is still understudied, challenges the view that Orientalism of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was similar to that of the two centuries that followed. Constructing their approach on the Hegelian theory of thesis – antithesis – synthesis, the authors highlight the fundamental differences that were in place in the engagements of the humanists of the period with the Oriental Other. The authors cover vast geographical areas and frontiers as well as topics such as empire building, epistemology of the Orient, and the formation of an imaginary Europe

THE IMPACT OF DEFLATION ON FISCAL AGGREGATES

This article addresses the phenomenon of deflation from a historical perspective, a phenomenon rarely encountered in our day. Deflation is generally defined as the fall in the aggregate level of the consumer price index, respectively, the reverse inflationary phenomenon. The article also presents, in addition to experiences in different countries in times when deflation has been more pronounced and longer, and the effects it may have on public finance aggregates. The paper analyses the literature of all time that deals with the subject, as well as a presentation of the empirical data recorded, and an econometric analysis wishing to highlight the impact that the aggregate index of prices may have on public debt, using data recorded in Romania during 2000-2017

Traffic Optimization For a Mixture of Self-interested and Compliant Agents

This paper focuses on two commonly used path assignment policies for agents traversing a congested network: self-interested routing, and system-optimum routing. In the self-interested routing policy each agent selects a path that optimizes its own utility, while the system-optimum routing agents are assigned paths with the goal of maximizing system performance. This paper considers a scenario where a centralized network manager wishes to optimize utilities over all agents, i.e., implement a system-optimum routing policy. In many real-life scenarios, however, the system manager is unable to influence the route assignment of all agents due to limited influence on route choice decisions. Motivated by such scenarios, a computationally tractable method is presented that computes the minimal amount of agents that the system manager needs to influence (compliant agents) in order to achieve system optimal performance. Moreover, this methodology can also determine whether a given set of compliant agents is sufficient to achieve system optimum and compute the optimal route assignment for the compliant agents to do so. Experimental results are presented showing that in several large-scale, realistic traffic networks optimal flow can be achieved with as low as 13% of the agent being compliant and up to 54%

Untersuchung von CdTe als Sensormaterial für die spektroskopische Röntgenbildgebung

Detector concepts with photon counting read out electronics are gaining increasing importance in medical imaging. Materials with high absorption efficiency like Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) should be used as sensor material. Aim of this thesis was to investigate the sensor material CdTe in combination with the photon counting read out chip Medipix2-MXR with regard to its applicability to spectroscopic X-ray imaging. Of particular interest was the detection of contrast agents in medical X-ray imaging. After the concept of photon counting detectors was introduced and the sensor material CdTe was presented in detail, the spectral response of a CdTe detector concerning pixel pitch, electrode size and sensor thickness was investigated. The measurements showed that the energy response strongly depends on the mentioned parameters. An important influence has the pixel pitch. It determines the magnitude of charge sharing and the signatures of fluorescence radiation in the energy response function. The electrode pad size has a great impact on the electronic noise. Large pixel pitches in combination with small electrode pad sizes would provide good spectral resolution in combination with low noise. However, the analysis showed that there are increasing charge losses with increasing gap between the pixel electrodes. This severely degrades the spectral behaviour of the detector. For this observation several explanations were given. For spectroscopic X-ray imaging a trade-of between spectral and spatial resolution has to be made. Medium sized pixel pitches with large electrode pads proved to be a good choice. With the findings from the measurements a realistic simulation of the energy response functions in a broad energy range was possible. The simulations were compared with the measurements and it turned out that the simulation for pixels with large electrode pads describes the measurement very well. The last part of this work showed that it is possible to do material reconstruction with a photon counting detector with CdTe sensor. In a simulation set-up the three basis materials water, iodine and gadolinium were reconstructed correctly in their quantity and their position. For the measurements a CdTe detector with a pixel pitch of 0.33 mm and a sensor thickness of 1.6 mm was used. Large deviations of the energy response functions among the pixels made it impossible to do material reconstruction in a projective geometry. After a row of pixels with very similar energy response functions was found, there was hope to apply material reconstruction in a computer tomograph geometry. Due to timely uncorrelated disturbing signals in the energy response functions this was impossible. Progress with the fabrication of CdTe detectors constantly improve the quality of such detectors. With this and the findings from this work the application of material reconstruction in measurements will be made possible.Detektorkonzepte mit photonenzählender Ausleseelektronik gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung in der medizinischen Bildgebung. Materialien mit hohem Absorptionsvermögen, wie CdTe, sind dabei die bevorzugten Sensormaterialien. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, CdTe als Sensormaterial in Verbindung mit dem photonenzählenden Auslesechip Medipix2-MXR, im Hinblick auf die Eignung zur spektroskopischen Röntgenbildgebung, zu untersuchen. Das Augenmerk richtete sich dabei auf den Nachweis von Kontrastmitteln in der medizinischen Bildgebung. Nachdem das Konzept photonenzählender Detektoren vorgestellt und detailliert auf das Sensormaterial CdTe eingegangen wurde, wurde die spektrale Energieantwort eines CdTe Detektors in Abhängigkeit von Pixelgröße, Elektrodengröße und Sensordicke untersucht. Die Messungen ergaben, dass die Energieantwort sehr stark von den drei genannten Parametern abhängt. Einen entscheidenden Einfluss hat zum einen die Pixelgröße, da diese den Anteil des Charge Sharing und die Signaturen der Fluoreszenzstrahlung im Energieantwortspektrum bestimmt. Die Elektrodengröße hat großen Einfluss auf das elektronische Rauschen. Die Hoffnung die guten spektralen Eigenschaften großer Pixel zu behalten und gleichzeitig das Rauschen durch kleinere Elektroden zu minimieren, wurde nicht erfüllt, da zunehmend Ladungen an die größer werdende Lücke verloren gingen. Die Folge der Ladungsverluste an die Lücke war eine starke Degradation des Energieantwortspektrums. Hierfür konnten verschiedene Erklärungen gegeben werden. Letztendlich stellte sich heraus, dass für die spektroskopische Röntgenbildgebung ein Kompromiss zwischen spektralem und örtlichen Auflösungsvermögen gefunden werden muss. Mittlere Pixelgrößen mit großen Pixelelektroden erwiesen sich dabei am geeignetsten. Mittels der aus den Messungen gewonnenen Erkenntnissen war eine realistische Simulation der Energieantwortspektren in einem breiten Energiebereich möglich. Dazu wurden zunächst die Messungen mit Simulationen verglichen, wobei sich herausstellte, dass die Simulation für Pixelgrößen mit großen Elektroden die Messung sehr gut wiedergibt. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Prinzip der Materialrekonstruktion mit einem photonenzählenden CdTe Detektor angewendet werden kann. Dazu wurden in einem Simulationsaufbau die Basismaterialien Wasser, Gadolinium und Iod sowohl in ihrer Quantität als auch in ihrer Position richtig nachgewiesen. Um das Prinzip der Materialrekonstruktion auch in Messungen zu bestätigen, stand ein CdTe Detektor mit einer Pixelkantenlänge von 0,33 mm und einer Dicke von 1,6 mm zur Verfügung. Große Abweichungen der spektralen Energieantwort der einzelnen Pixeln untereinander verhinderten jedoch die Materialrekonstruktion in projektiver Geometrie. Nachdem eine Detektorzeile mit Pixeln mit sehr ähnlichen Energieantwortspektren gefunden wurde, bestand die Hoffnung das Prinzip der Materialrekonstruktion in computertomographischer Geometrie anzuwenden. Auch dies war leider nicht möglich, da zeitlich unkorellierte Störsignale im Energieantwortspektrum dies verhinderten. Fortschritte bei der Herstellung von CdTe Detektoren ermöglichen aber eine stetige Verbesserung der Qualität der Detektoren, so dass zu erwarten ist, dass mit den seit kurzem erhältlichen CdTe Detektoren und der in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnissen, Materialrekonstruktion auch in Messungen bestätigt werden kann

An Analysis on Policy Direction of Community Based Management of Mangorove Ecosystem in Sungai Pisang Bungus Teluk Kabung District in Padang City

This research was motivated by lack of understanding and public awareness in the management of mangrove ecosystem. This was due to the community lack of knowledge on how to take advantage of mangroves in coastal and tidal areas. The purpose of this study was to know the community Participation, Strategy of Mangrove Management and to formulate appropriate policies of CBM based mangrove management. This research was a mixed method research or a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. Research findings indicated that the participation of Sungai Pisang Community in managing the mangrove ecosystem had not gone well and the students were nor aware of mangrove management. By using the aspect of Mangrove management such as the aspect of strength, threat. Weaknesses, and opportunities, 9 strategies were formulated, namely: (1) Local rules about Mangrove ecosystem management need to be written, (2) CMB-based Mangrove nurseries program, (3) Performing preventive action by approaching and developing local people awareness of appropriate technology for Mangrove area, which is also called Silvofishery. (4) Giving strict punishment to the people who were destroying mangroves for private purposes, (5) Optimization and rehabilitation of vacant land into a mangrove forest, (6) Returning the local wisdom in managing coastal areas, (7) Following counseling and training on mangrove management, (8) Improving supervision and monitoring, (9) Dividing the duties, functions and responsibilities of stakeholders according to their expertise. Based on those strategies, policy priorities were formulated. They are: are(1) Following the counseling and training on mangrove management, (2) Optimizing and rehabilitatingthe vacant land into a mangrove forest, (3) Increasing supervision and monitoring, (4) returning local wisdom in coastal area