Entrenamiento básico de aves rapaces en el Estado de Oaxaca, Méx.

Las causas antrópicas como la caza ilegal, cambios en el uso de suelo, tala de árboles, contaminación y las quemas sin control impiden que muchos animales puedan vivir y encontrar un lugar viable para reproducirse. Son animales que la mayoría están en peligro de extinción por lo que se debe cuidar su especie para que no desaparezcan. Los traumas cada vez son más habituales entre las rapaces, éstos son producidos en gran medida por atropellos de coches y trenes, choques contra las ventanas de las casas, daños producidos por los cables de teléfono que comunican las ciudades, electrocuciones, disparos, envenenamiento e intoxicación y expolio. En muchos casos las aves de presa son muy útiles para el control de la fauna, ya que puede aminorar la cantidad de palomas que sobrevuelen un aeropuerto y así evitar accidentes. Dependiendo de su alimento y su hábitat, un ave de presa también puede ser utilizada como indicador de calidad de un ecosistema. Entrenar un ave de presa en cautiverio ayuda a reducir el estrés que se provoca cuando se encuentran en las instalaciones incorrectas, para esto se introduce enriquecimiento ambiental si el ave hace el trabajo indicado. En general el entrenamiento del ave se basa en la motivación y suele ser progresivo, los resultados son los mismos que se obtienen en la cetrería pero sin aplicar los castigos del arte antes mencionado, entrenarla por otros métodos implica paciencia y tiempo, sobretodo cumplir con las 5 libertades que el Consejo Británico para el bienestar de animales de granja (FAWC) reconsideró en 1993, esto implica no lastimar al ejemplar, ni que pase hambre ni sed, y tener espacio cómodo durante su vida. Aves que son decomisadas necesitan una rehabilitación, es por eso que ayudar a aves de presa con un entrenamiento puede hacer que reduzcan estrés durante el entrenamiento y se sientan libres, teniendo en cuenta que a cualquier tipo de ave le encanta volar

Análisis genético del bovino Criollo Mixteco de Oaxaca

The Mixteco Creole cattle is a little explored genetic resource, which, however, has great value due to its potential to be used in production systems that are respectful of the environment and adaptable to its conditions. The identification and characterization of this local resource is essential for its conservation and improvement. For this reason, in the present study it was carried out the analysis of the diversity and genetic relationships of the Mixteco Creole cattle population of Oaxaca, using 19 microsatellite DNA markers and 32 reference cattle populations belonging to the BIOBOVIS consortium of the CONBIAND Network. The mean number of alleles detected was 8.8 ± 2.1 and the estimated effective number of alleles was 4.5 ± 1.2. The genetic diversity represented by the expected (0.7700 ± 0.0682) and observed (0.7170 ± 0.0998) heterozygosity values was within the range of estimators obtained in previous studies with local cattle populations using microsatellite markers. An analysis of the population structure revealed a predominant influence of Iberian germplasm (Bos taurus). There is also a close relationship between the Mixteco Creole and the rest of the Mexican Creole cattle populations, with the exception of the Tropical Dairy Creole.El bovino Criollo Mixteco es un recurso genético poco explorado, pero de gran valor por su potencial para ser empleado en sistemas de producción respetables con el entorno y adaptables a las condiciones del mismo. La identificación y caracterización de este recurso local es un punto primordial para su conservación y mejora, es por esto que en el presente estudio se llevó a cabo el análisis de la diversidad y relaciones genéticas de la población de bovinos Criollos Mixtecos de Oaxaca, mediante el empleo de 19 marcadores de ADN microsatélites y 32 poblaciones bovinas de referencia, pertenecientes al consorcio BIOBOVIS de la Red CONBIAND. El número medio de alelos detectados fue de 8.8 ± 2.1 y el número efectivo de alelos estimado fue de 4.5 ± 1.2. La diversidad genética representada por los valores de heterocigosidad esperada (0.7700 ± 0.0682) y observada (0.7170 ± 0.0998), se encontró dentro del rango de estimadores obtenidos en estudios previos con poblaciones bovinas locales empleando marcadores microsatélites. El análisis de la estructura poblacional reveló una influencia predominante de germoplasma ibérico (Bos taurus). Se observa además una estrecha relación entre el Criollo Mixteco y el resto de poblaciones bovinas criollas mexicanas a excepción del Criollo Lechero Tropical

Morphostructural variability in the Pastoreña goat in different regions of the Mixteca of Mexico: A phenotypic study to establish the racial profile

In the present study, we evaluated the morphostructural variability of the Pastoreña goat (PG) in Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. This study was carried out to evaluate five qualitative ranges and thirteen morphometric characteristics of 249 animals (185 females and 64 males) from 2 to 5 years old. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed on the qualitative (QV) morphometric (MV) variables, and variance analysis and Tukey test by sex. The Pearson correlations were calculated for MV, determining the morphostructural harmonic model. The canonical discriminant analysis and analysis of principal coordinates were made for QV and principal component analysis for MV. The results of QV indicated some features in the racial profile of the PG. MV showed sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). The coefficient of variation indicated morphostructural homogeneity. The correlations in MV suggest harmonic-morphostructural and harmonic-median models for females and males, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed similarities in the sampled localities. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative variables demonstrated in the PG characterize as a unique goat breed in the Mixteca of Mexico and justify further conservation efforts. Highlights The Pastoreña goats have uniformity within the population of the Mixteca, Mexico. The qualitative and quantitative variables estimated in the Pastoreña Goats offer the bases for its conservation. The shepherds select the offspring of the Pastoreña goats of the white and creamy-white color.In the present study, we evaluated the morphostructural variability of the Pastoreña goat (PG) in Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. This study was carried out to evaluate five qualitative ranges and thirteen morphometric characteristics of 249 animals (185 females and 64 males) from 2 to 5 years old. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed on the qualitative (QV) morphometric (MV) variables, and variance analysis and Tukey test by sex. The Pearson correlations were calculated for MV, determining the morphostructural harmonic model. The canonical discriminant analysis and analysis of principal coordinates were made for QV and principal component analysis for MV. The results of QV indicated some features in the racial profile of the PG. MV showed sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). The coefficient of variation indicated morphostructural homogeneity. The correlations in MV suggest harmonic-morphostructural and harmonic-median models for females and males, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed similarities in the sampled localities. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative variables demonstrated in the PG characterize as a unique goat breed in the Mixteca of Mexico and justify further conservation efforts. Highlights The Pastoreña goats have uniformity within the population of the Mixteca, Mexico. The qualitative and quantitative variables estimated in the Pastoreña Goats offer the bases for its conservation. The shepherds select the offspring of the Pastoreña goats of the white and creamy-white color

Metals and metalloids in whole blood and tissues of Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) from La Escobilla Beach (Oaxaca, Mexico)

©2014 Elsevier. This document is the Published version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Marine Pollution Bulletin. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.035Concentrations of eight metals and metalloids (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni and As) were evaluated from 41 nesting females (blood) and 13 dead (tissues) Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea), a species classified as vulnerable and also listed in Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The mean blood, liver and kidney lead concentration were 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.08 and 0.06 ± 0.03 μg g−1 ww respectively, values lower than other turtle species and locations, which it could be due to the gradual disuse of leaded gasoline in Mexico and Central America since the 1990s. Mean concentration of cadmium was 0.17 ± 0.08 (blood), 82.88 ± 36.65 (liver) and 150.88 ± 110.99 μg g−1 (kidney). To our knowledge, the mean renal cadmium levels found is the highest ever reported worldwide for any sea turtle species, while other six elements showed a concentration similar to other studies in sea turtles

Hemogram and morphological characteristics of blood cells in the olive ridley turtle (lepidochelys olivacea) of Oaxaca, Mexico

Con la finalidad de conocer los valores del hemograma y las características morfológicas de las células sanguíneas de tortugas Golfinas se obtuvo sangre de 22 tortugas marinas Lepidochelys olivacea de vida libre en la playa Barra de la Cruz, municipio de Santiago Astata del estado de Oaxaca, México, que al examen físico no presentaran alteraciones. La toma de muestra se practicó a la mitad del desove, a cada una se le realizó un hemograma, del que se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: hematocrito (0,30 ± 0,04 L/L), proteínas totales (47,14 ± 5,85 g/L), volumen globular medio VGM (891,79 ± 291,93 fL), eritrocitos totales (0,37 ± 0,12 × 1012/L), leucocitos totales (4,51±3,03 × 109/L), conteo diferencial de leucocitos: heterófilos 2,87 ± 1,88 × 109/L, eosinófilos 0,89 ± 0,68 × 109/L, basófilos 0,08 × 109/L, linfocitos 0,64 ± 0,59 ×109/L, monocitos 0,07 × 109/L y la estimación del número de trombocitos (127 ± 47). Se describen también las principales características morfológicas como: tamaño, forma y coloración detectándose escasas diferencias morfológicas de las células sanguíneas en comparación con las de otras especies de tortugas marinas.468 - [email protected] order to evaluate the hemogram values and the morphological characteristics of blood cells in Olive Ridley turtle, from 22 physically healthy marine turtles Lepidochelys olivacea living in the wild at the beach in Barra de La Cruz, Municipality of Santiago Astata in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. The sampling was obtained during spawning, and hemogram was performed on each one, from which the following results were obtained: hematocrit (0.30 ± 0.04 L/L), total protein (47.14 ± 5.85 g/L), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (891.79 ± 291.93 fL), total erythrocytes (0.37 ± 0.12 × 1012/L), total leukocytes (4.51 ± 3.03 × 109/L), differential leukocyte count: heterophils 2.87 ± 1.88 × 109/L, eosinophils 0.89 ± 0.68 × 109/L, basophils 0.08 × 109/L, lymphocytes 0.64 ± 0.59 × 109/L, and the estimate of the number of thrombocytes (127 ± 47). The main morphological characteristics were also described: size, shape, and color; scarce morphological differences of the blood cells in contrast to other marine turtle specimens were detected

p‑Nitrophenyl Acetate Esterase Activity and Cortisol as Biomarkers of Metal Pollution in Blood of Olive Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea)

©Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017. This document is the Published version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0464-zThis study was designed to determine the concentrations of p-nitrophenyl acetate esterase activity (EA) and cortisol in serum of marine Olive Ridley turtles (Lepi-dochelys olivacea) from a Mexican Pacific population (“La Escobilla” beach) and to evaluate the possible relationship of inorganic elements with these biomarkers. EA, cortisol, and selected chemical elements (Cd, Pb, Ti, Sr, Se, Al, As, and Zn) were measured in the blood of 44 sea turtles from the Eastern Pacific (Southeast Mexico). Serum EA ranged from 0.4 to 3.9 UI mL−1, and cortisol concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 2.5 μL dL−1. A strong negative correlation between EA and cortisol was observed (r = − 0.59, p< 0.01), and significant correlations also were found between EA and important metals, such as Cd (r= − 0.31, p< 0.05) and Pb (r= − 0.27, p< 0.05), and elements of growing concern like Ti (r = − 0.37, p < 0.01) or Al (r= − 0.34, p< 0.05) and between cortisol and Sr (r= 0.29, p< 0.05), Se (r= − 0.38, p < 0.01), and As (r = − 0.26, p< 0.05). These results suggest that turtles chronically exposed to different inorganic elements (such as Pb and Cd), driving to a highly consume of esterase and to a prolonged cortisol elevation. The obtained results indicate the usefulness of these biomarkers in the assessment of inorganic elements pollution in this species

Levels of perfluorinated acids (PFCAs) in different tissues of Lepidochelys olivacea sea turtles from the Escobilla beach (Oaxaca, Mexico)

©2016 Elsevier.This document is the Published version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Science of The Total Environment. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.013Lepidochelys olivacea is the most abundant and globally distributed sea turtle species in the world and thus, monitoring this species for persistent organic pollutants, such as perfluorinated chemicals, is fundamental for their protection. This study was the first to evaluate the occurrence of five PFCAs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA) in liver and blood samples of Olive Ridley turtle population from the Escobilla beach (Oaxaca, Mexico). PFDA and PFUnA were the predominant PFCs in blood samples (detected in 93% and 84% of samples, respectively) and were also present in the highest concentrations. Liver samples showed higher PFCA concentrations than whole blood samples, with PFNA and PFDA the most abundant PFCs congeners in liver samples, detected in 65% and 47% of the samples, respectively. The measured levels of contaminants in the blood samples of Lepidochelys olivacea sea turtles were compared to the levels reported in the literature for other turtle species. While linear significant correlations between PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA concentrations in blood samples and curved carapace lengths were determined, no correlation was found for PFOA, supporting the hypothesis that sea turtles could have a higher ability to eliminate this perfluorinated chemical from their blood than other PFCAs. However, we do not know if the concentrations are species or sampling areas dependent