A hipercolesterolemia e o envelhecimento como modulares do estresse oxidativo em modelo de hipercolesterolemia familiar

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, 2013Por prover informações sobre o do funcionamento do metabolismo de seres vivos, antigas formações geológicas, hábitos alimentares de antigos povos e também permitir estudos de toxicidade, a determinação de elementos traço em amostras animais e botânicas tem despertado interesse. Neste contexto a espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua utilizando a análise direta de sólidos é uma técnica ideal por ser rápida sensível e econômica, permitindo seu uso em complexos estudos como também para análise de rotina. Foi desenvolvido um método para a determinação de Mn, Ni, Rb e Sr em amostras de botânicas e biológicas.Otimizaram-se os parâmetros térmicos obtendo-se uma temperatura de pirólise e atomização ideal de 1000 e 2500 oC para Mn, de 1000 e 2600 oC para o Ni, de 800 e 2500 oC para o Rb e de 900 e 2600 oC para o Sr. Avaliou-se o fator de homogeneidade das amostras verificando-se que as amostras podem ser utilizadas para micro e submicroanálises. Avaliaram-se as curvas de calibração verificando-se a possibilidade do emprego de curvas feitas utilizando-se soluções aquosas. Para todos os analitos, nas amostras botânicas, com exceção do Ni, isto foi possível. Para as amostras de tecido animal o mesmo não foi observado devido à complexidade de sua matriz. Determinou-se Mn, Ni, Rb e Sr em amostras botânicas e biológicas obtendo-se limites de detecção de 5, 2, 103 e 10 ngg-1 , respectivamente. O método proposto demonstrou elevada sensibilidade, praticidade, rapidez e confiabilidade sendo viável para a análise de rotina em amostras botânicas para esses elementos, já as amostras biológicas devido à complexidade de suas matrizes apresentou ser inviável o uso da calibração aquosa, tornando a análise de rotina mais cara e nem sempre indicada Abstract: Hypercholesterolemia, the main risk factor for developing of cardiovascular disease, is a condition that one in every twenty individuals are affected and is common to many severe diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dementia. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with high plasma cholesterol levels and are common conditions in the pathophysiology of diseases related to hypercholesterolemia. Low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice (LDLr-/-) are a very good model to study hypercholesterolemia, their consequences and sequelae. In this context, our first objective was to evaluate the effect of hypercholesterolemia and aging, a risk factor unchanged, in oxidative stress parameters of the cardiovascular system and liver tissue of C57BL/6 and LDLr-/-. Furthermore, we evaluated the possible mechanisms of the antiatherogenic effect of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 in the cardiovascular system of LDLr-/- mice. In addition, we evaluated the effect of high cholesterol diet on parameters of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 and LDLr-/-. In the cardiovascular system, the LDLr-/- mice had lower glutathione (GSH) levels in the aorta, and this was correlated with high plasma cholesterol levels. The treatment with (PhSe)2 improved the redox environment of the cardiovascular system by increase of GSH levels in middle-aged animals, increased activity of glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), besides, to reduce lipid peroxidation in the heart of young LDLr-/- mice. In the aorta, (PhSe)2 increased the GPx activity in young and middle-aged mice and increase GR activity only in middle-aged LDLr-/-. In liver tissue, we observed an effect of hypercholesterolemia on the parameters of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, GSH levels and GR activity were decreased in LDLr-/-group, besides, and lipid peroxidation and accumulation of lipids in the liver was higher LDLr-/- group. This oxidative stress was even more pronounce when these LDLr-/- mice fed a high cholesterol diet. These data are strongly correlated with plasma levels of cholesterol. Aging reduced GSH levels and increased lipid peroxidation in liver of LDLr-/- mice. In the mitochondrial fraction, aging caused a decrease in GR activity and increased lipid peroxidation. In the mitochondrial function, the high-cholesterol diet caused a decrease in complex I and the aging induced a reduction of complex II of the respiratory chain in liver tissue of LDLr-/- mice. Taken together, these results show the hypercholesterolemia as strong inducer to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the cardiovascular system and the liver tissue of LDLr-/- mice, and this effect could be even more pronounced if these were fed a high cholesterol diet. Furthermore, treatment with (PhSe)2 seems to modulate the antioxidant system related to GSH and thioredoxin, favoring the cellular redox environment

Colesterol dietético e doença de Alzheimer em modelos experimentais: avaliação da resposta sináptica, mitocondrial e comportamental

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, 2017.O colesterol é uma molécula vital do corpo humano. Sua estrutura apresenta características peculiares que lhe conferem diversas funções fisiológicas, desde componente fundamental das membranas plasmáticas, como percursor de hormônios esteroides, sais biliares e da vitamina D, além de, possuir papel chave em mecanismos de aprendizagem e memória, tais como a plasticidade sináptica. A hipercolesterolemia (HC) é um estado encontrado em humanos que apresentam níveis altos de colesterol plasmático. Esta condição é caracterizada por uma desregulação na homeostase do colesterol, portanto sendo considerado o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento e progressão da aterosclerose e doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Estudos mostram que a HC induz comprometimento vascular e essa disfunção vascular pode causar doenças cerebrovasculares, como a demência vascular. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença multifatorial que afeta tanto o sistema nervodo central (SNC) quanto o sistema periférico. Os indivíduos com DA exibem um severo prejuízo de memória e outros comprometimentos cognitivos. No entanto, as causas do desenvolvimento da DA ainda são desconhecidas. A hipótese vascular para a DA postula que a diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo encefálico (FSE), devido a um comprometimento neurovascular, seria o evento inicial dos processos de neurodegeneração. Reforçando essa hipótese, fatores de riscos associados às doenças vasculares, como a hipercolesterolemia, estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento e progressão da DA. Nesse sentido, a hipótese de trabalho é que prejuízos cognitivos, sinápticos e neurovasculares observados na DA, seriam exacerbados pela hipercolesterolemia induzida por uma dieta enrriquecida com colesterol (DC). Para esse fim, alimentamos por 8 semanas triplo transgênicos para estudar a DA (3xTg-DA) e camundongos não transgênicos (NTg), de ambos os sexos, com DC. Os resultados desta tese demonstram que a ingestão de DC induziu hipercolesterolemia em ambos os genótipos sem ganho no peso corporal. Além disso, a DC causou prejuízos de memória espacial e de reconhecimento nos animais NTg que foram similares aos 3xTg-DA. Os NTg que receberam a DC apresentaram alterações no comportamento exploratório e aversivo, e exibiram um aumento na locomoção. Já os camundongos 3xTg-DA não apresentaram uma intensificação nos prejuízos cognitivos, já observados nesse modelo,induzido pela ingestão de DC. Em seguida buscamos elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais a ingestão de DC induz prejuízos cognitivos em animais NTg. A ingestão de DC induziu uma diminuição na biodisponibilidade de ?NO e uma diminuição na taxa de consumo de O2 mitocondrial em fatias hipocampais de ambos os genótipos. Finalmente, observamos que a dieta causou um comprometimento na BHE alterando componentes com a aquaporina-4 (AQP-4) nos NTg e a lectina de tomate nos 3xTg-DA. Em conjunto, esses dados encorajam estudos sobre fatores de risco modificáveis, ou seja, uma melhora nos hábitos de vida, principalmente na ingesta alimentar, para indivíduos sem predisposição genética pode trazer benefícios que resultaram em uma melhor qualidade de vida durante o avanço da idade.Abstract : Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. This compound has peculiar characteristics that give it several physiological functions, such as a component of the plasma membranes, as a precursor of steroid hormones, bile salts and vitamin D, moreover, as a key role in mechanisms of learning and memory, such as synaptic plasticity. Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is a human?s condition which the subjects display a high plasma cholesterol levels. This status is characterized by deregulation of cholesterol homeostasis, therefore, has been considered the main risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and it?s the leading cause of death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Studies shown that HC induces vascular impairment, and this vascular dysfunction may to cause cerebrovascular diseases, such as vascular dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease that affects both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral system. Individuals with AD exhibit severe memory impairment and other cognitive impairments. However, the causes of AD development are still unknown. The vascular hypothesis for AD postulates that the reduction of the cerebral blood flow (CBF), due to a neurovascular uncoupling, for example, would be the initial event of the neurodegeneration processes. Reinforcing this hypothesis, risk factors associated with vascular diseases, as hypercholesterolemia, are involved in the development and progression of AD. In this sense, the hypothesis of this work is that cognitive, synaptic and neurovascular damages observed in AD, would be exacerbated by hypercholesterolemia induced by a high cholesterol diet. To this end, we fed for 8 weeks a triple transgenic mouse (3xTg-AD) and non-transgenic mice (NTg), of both sexes, with a diet enriched in fat/cholesterol (HFCD). Herein, our results show that the ingestion of HFCD induced hypercholesterolemia in both genotypes without body weight gain. In addition, HFCD induced spatial and recognition memory impairment in NTg mice similar to 3xTg-DA mice. NTg HFCD-fed displayed changes in exploratory and aversive behavior, and exhibited increase in locomotion. 3xTg-AD mice did not display an intensification on HFCD-induced cognitive impairments, already observed in this model. Next, we seek to elucidate the mechanisms by which HFCD induces cognitive impairments in NTg mice. The ingestion of HFCD induced a decrease in the ?NO bioavailability and a decrease in the rate of mitochondrial O2consumption in hippocampal slices of both genotypes. Finally, we observed that the HFCD induces an impairment in BBB altering components as aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) in NTg mice and tomato lectin in 3xTg-DA mice. Together, the results of the present study reinforce the vascular hypothesis for the development of AD. Thus, these data encourage studies on modifiable risk factors, in other words, an improvement in life habits, especially in food intake, for individuals without genetic predisposition may bring benefits that resulted in a better quality of life during the advancement of the age

Probing the role of metal ions on reversible peptide–protein interactions by NMR

This work provides evidence that paramagnetic lanthanide ions constitute ideal probes suitable for investigations of metal effects upon peptide–receptor interactions with the use of NMR methods. Cerium(III) is herein used for assessing metal effects upon the interaction between angiotensin II and a fragment from the AT1Areceptor. Angiotensin II forms a complex with cerium(III) in water while the fCT300–320receptor fragment is poorly affected by cerium(III). However, the addition of the fragment displaces cerium(III) from the complex, thus directly demonstrating the higher affinity of angiotensin II for the receptor and probing the peptide residues involved in receptor binding

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts and identified components alter expression of interleukin 8 gene in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell lines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway pathology is a fatal, autosomal, recessive genetic disease characterized by extensive lung inflammation. After induction by TNF-α, elevated concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines (i.e. IL-8) are released from airway epithelial cells. In order to reduce the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients, new therapies have been developed and in this respect, medicinal plant extracts have been studied. In this article we have investigated the possible use of bergamot extracts (<it>Citrus bergamia </it>Risso) and their identified components to alter the expression of IL-8 associated with the cystic fibrosis airway pathology.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The extracts were chemically characterized by ¹H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detector), GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Both bergamot extracts and main detected chemical constituents were assayed for their biological activity measuring (a) cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatants released from cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cells treated with TNF-α by Bio-Plex cytokine assay; (b) accumulation of IL-8 mRNA by real-time PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The extracts obtained from bergamot (<it>Citrus bergamia </it>Risso) epicarps contain components displaying an inhibitory activity on IL-8. Particularly, the most active molecules were bergapten and citropten. These effects have been confirmed by analyzing mRNA levels and protein release in the CF cellular models IB3-1 and CuFi-1 induced with TNF-α or exposed to heat-inactivated <it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These obtained results clearly indicate that bergapten and citropten are strong inhibitors of IL-8 expression and could be proposed for further studies to verify possible anti-inflammatory properties to reduce lung inflammation in CF patients.</p

ERp57 chaperon protein protects neuronal cells from Aβ-induced toxicity

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose main pathological hallmark is the accumulation of Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the form of senile plaques. Aβ can cause neurodegeneration and disrupt cognitive functions by several mechanisms, including oxidative stress. ERp57 is a protein disulfide isomerase involved in the cellular stress response and known to be present in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal individuals as a complex with Aβ peptides, suggesting that it may be a carrier protein which prevents aggregation of Aβ. Although several studies show ERp57 involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, no clear mechanism of action has been identified thus far. In this work, we gain insights into the interaction of Aβ with ERp57, with a special focus on the contribution of ERp57 to the defense system of the cell. Here, we show that recombinant ERp57 directly interacts with the Aβ25-35 fragment in vitro with high affinity via two in silico-predicted main sites of interaction. Furthermore, we used human neuroblastoma cells to show that short-term Aβ25-35 treatment induces ERp57 decrease in intracellular protein levels, different intracellular localization, and ERp57 secretion in the cultured medium. Finally, we demonstrate that recombinant ERp57 counteracts the toxic effects of Aβ25-35 and restores cellular viability, by preventing Aβ25-35 aggregation. Overall, the present study shows that extracellular ERp57 can exert a protective effect from Aβ toxicity and highlights it as a possible therapeutic tool in the treatment of AD

The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: Outflow properties

Based on SINFONI Ha, [NII] and [SII] AO data of 30 z \sim 2 star-forming galaxies (SFGs) from the SINS and zcSINF surveys, we find a strong correlation of the Ha broad flux fraction with the star formation surface density of the galaxy, with an apparent threshold for strong outflows occurring at 1 Msun yr^-1 kpc^-2. Above this threshold, we find that SFGs with logm_\ast>10 have similar or perhaps greater wind mass loading factors (eta = Mdotout/SFR) and faster outflow velocities than lower mass SFGs. This trend suggests that the majority of outflowing gas at z \sim 2 may derive from high-mass SFGs, and that the z \sim 2 mass-metallicity relation is driven more by dilution of enriched gas in the galaxy gas reservoir than by the efficiency of outflows. The mass loading factor is also correlated with the SFR and inclination, such that more star-forming and face-on galaxies launch more powerful outflows. For galaxies that have evidence for strong outflows, we find that the broad emission is spatially extended to at least the half-light radius (\sim a few kpc). We propose that the observed threshold for strong outflows and the observed mass loading of these winds can be explained by a simple model wherein break-out of winds is governed by pressure balance in the disk. Using the ratio of the [SII] doublet in a broad and narrow component, we find that outflowing gas has a density of \sim10-100 cm^-3, significantly less than that of the star forming gas (600 cm^-3).Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Ap