69 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2âK of global warming
For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time periods. A significant amount of current planning effort assumes that each K of global warming produces roughly the same regional climate change. Here using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2âK intervals of global ensemble mean warming: a fast and a slower route to a first 2âK above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. We show that, although the two routes to a first 2âK give very similar precipitation changes, a second 2âK produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2âK of warming. The results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally
Brachydactyly
Brachydactyly ("short digits") is a general term that refers to disproportionately short fingers and toes, and forms part of the group of limb malformations characterized by bone dysostosis. The various types of isolated brachydactyly are rare, except for types A3 and D. Brachydactyly can occur either as an isolated malformation or as a part of a complex malformation syndrome. To date, many different forms of brachydactyly have been identified. Some forms also result in short stature. In isolated brachydactyly, subtle changes elsewhere may be present. Brachydactyly may also be accompanied by other hand malformations, such as syndactyly, polydactyly, reduction defects, or symphalangism
Sex differences in experiences of multiple traumas and mental health problems in the UK Biobank cohort
PurposeExperiences of reported trauma are common and are associated with a range of mental health problems. Sex differences in how reported traumas are experienced over the life course in relation to mental health require further exploration. Methods157,358 participants contributed data for the UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ). Stratified Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to analyse combinations of reported traumatic experiences in males and females separately, and associations with mental health. ResultsIn females, five trauma classes were identified: a low-risk class (58.6%), a childhood trauma class (13.5%), an intimate partner violence class (12.9%), a sexual violence class (9.1%), and a high-risk class (5.9%). In males, a three-class solution was preferred: a low-risk class (72.6%), a physical and emotional trauma class (21.9%), and a sexual violence class (5.5%). In comparison to the low-risk class in each sex, all trauma classes were associated with increased odds of current depression, anxiety, and hazardous/harmful alcohol use after adjustment for covariates. The high-risk class in females and the sexual violence class in males produced significantly increased odds for recent psychotic experiences. ConclusionThere are sex differences in how reported traumatic experiences co-occur across a lifespan, with females at the greatest risk. However, reporting either sexual violence or multiple types of trauma was associated with increased odds of mental health problems for both males and females. Findings emphasise the public mental health importance of identifying and responding to both men and womenâs experiences of trauma, including sexual violence
Beyond equilibrium climate sensitivity
ISSN:1752-0908ISSN:1752-089
Quantifying future climate change
Quantitative projections of future climate are in increasing demand from the scientific community, policymakers and other stakeholders. Climate models of varying complexity are used to make projections, but approximations and inadequacies or âerrorsâ in models mean that those projections are uncertain, sometimes exploring a very wide range of possible futures. Techniques for quantifying the uncertainties are described here in terms of a common framework whereby models are used to explore relationships between past climate and climate change and future projections. Model parameters may be varied to produce a range of different simulations of past climate that are then compared with observations using âmetricsâ. If the model parameters can be constrained to a tighter range as a result of observational comparisons, projections can also be constrained to a tighter range. The strengths and weaknesses of different implementations are discussed
- âŠ