Relationship between genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by mercury on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues

Artículo científicoMercury is one of the most toxic metals in aquatic systems since it is able to induce neurobehavioral disorders as well as renal and gastrointestinal tract damage. The common carp Cyprinus carpio is an important species from both an ecological and economic viewpoint as it is consumed in many countries, the top producers being Mexico, China, India and Japan. The present study aimed to evaluate the relation between Hg-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in diverse tissues of C. carpio. Specimens were exposed to 0.01 mg Hg/L (the maximum per- missible limit for aquatic life protection), and lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated at 96 h. Micronuclei frequency and DNA damage by comet assay were determined at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Hg induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity on exposed fish, since inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activity and increases in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and micronuclei frequency occurred. Blood, gill and liver were more susceptible to oxidative stress, while blood were more sensitive to genotoxicity. In conclusion, Hg at concentrations equal to the maximum permissible limit for aquatic life protection induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity on C. carpio, and these two effects prove to be corre- lated.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Project 181541) as well as the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (SIP-IPN, Projects 20160871 and 20170931)

Sublethal effects induced by captopril on Cyprinus carpio as determined by oxidative stress biomarkers

Artículo científicoTo our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate captopril-induced oxidative stress in fish, and specifically in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. At present, very few studies in the international literature evaluate the suble- thal effects of captopril on aquatic organisms such as fish, and available ones focus on determination of median lethal concentration in crustaceans and algae. Also, studies evaluating these effects do not make reference to the mechanism of action of this pharmaceutical or its toxicokinetics. This limits our knowledge of the character- ization of the sublethal effects of this medication and of its potential ecological impact. The present study aimed to evaluate the sublethal effects induced by three different concentrations of captopril, on C. carpio), by determi- nation of activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione perox- idase (GPx), as well as indicators of cellular oxidation: hydroperoxide content (HPC), lipid peroxidation (LPX) and protein carbonyl content (PCC). Specimens were exposed for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h to three different cap- topril concentrations: 1 μg L− 1, 1 mg L− 1 and 100 mg L− 1 (the first one has been detected environmentally, the other two have been associated with diverse toxic effects in aquatic species), and brain, gill, liver, kidney and blood samples were evaluated. Significant increases in HPC and LPX were observed mainly in kidney and gill, while PCC also increased in brain. Modifications were found in the activity of SOD (mostly in kidney, brain and blood), CAT (all organs) and GPx (kidney and gill). In conclusion, captopril induces oxidative stress in C. carpi

Environmentally relevant concentrations of glibenclamide induce oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Artículo cientifico en modalidad embargadoThe hypoglycemic pharmaceutical glibenclamide (GLB) is widely used around the world. This medication is released into the environment by municipal, hospital and industrial wastewater discharges. Although there are reports of its environmental occurrence in the scientific literature, toxicity studies on aquatic species of commercial interest such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced on C. carpio by environmentally relevant concentrations of GLB. Biomarkers of oxidative damage such as hydroperoxide content, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content were evaluated as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The concentration of GLB was determined in water as well as in gill, liver, muscle, brain and blood of carp at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The findings obtained in the study prove that GLB induces in- creases in biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activity in the teleost C. carpio, that his response is not concentration dependent and that the organs evaluated bioconcentrate this hypo- glycemic agent. These findings permit us to conclude that the presence of GLB in water bodies represents a risk for aquatic species

Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac

Thirty million people worldwide consume each day nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a heterogeneous group of pharmaceuticals used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti- inflammatory properties. Recent studies report high NSAID concentrations in wastewater treat- ment plant effluents, in surface, ground, and drinking water, and in sediments. NSAIDs are also known to induce toxicity on aquatic organisms. However, toxicity in natural ecosystems is not usu- ally the result of exposure to a single substance but to a mixture of toxic agents, yet only a few studies have evaluated the toxicity of mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity induced by diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and their mixture on a species of commercial inter- est, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The median lethal concentration of IBP and DCF was determined, and oxidative stress was evaluated using the following biomarkers: lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxi- dase. Cyto-genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test, comet assay, and the specific activity of caspase-3. Results show that DCF, IBP, and a mixture of these pharmaceuticals induced free radical production, oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity in tissues of C. carpio. However, a greater effect was elicited by the mixture than by either pharmaceutical alone in some biomarkers evaluated, particularly in gill.Secretaria de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados de la UAEM (Project 3722/ 2014CID)

Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Esta investigación se realizó con la intención de identificar el daño ecotoxicológico que producen en la biota acuática algunos productos edulcorantes aparentemente inocuos al ambiente. En este estudio se identificó el potencial inducido de estrés oxidativo sobre la Cyprinus carpio, una especie de interés comercial. Las carpas fueron expuestas a dos diferentes concentraciones de importancia ambiental. Los resultados mostraron un incremento en los biomarcadores de daño oxidativo especialmente en la actividad de enzimas antioxidantes en las branquias y músculo, evidenciando el impacto ambiental de estos agentes sobre especies acuáticas.Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been detected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer-reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two different environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155μgL-1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry techniques (HPLC)-MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P<0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Furthermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species

As2O3 Induces Oxidative Stress in Gill, Liver, Brain and Blood of Cyprinus carpio

Artículo científicoArsenic (As) is a toxic trace element for diverse aquatic species. It is present naturally in water in diverse oxidation states and chemical species. During its biotransformation, As induces production of reactive oxygen species, eliciting oxidative stress in diverse organisms. This study aimed to evaluate As-induced toxicity in brain, liver, blood and gill of the common carp Cyprinus carpio.Secretaría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (SIEA-UAEM, project UAEM 3722/2014/CID)

Reduction of the Oxidative Stress Status Using Steviol Glycosides in a Fish Model (Cyprinus carpio)

Artículo científicoSteviol glycosides are sweetening compounds from the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant. This product is considered safe for human consumption and was approved as a food additive by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Its effects on the ecosystem have not been studied in depth; therefore, it is necessary to carry out ecotoxicological studies in organisms such as Cyprinus carpio. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity by SGs on diverse tissues in C. carpio using oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers. To test the antioxidant activity, carps were exposed to four systems: (1) SGs free 444 control,(2)CCl 0.5mL/kg,(3)SGs1g/L,and(4)CCl 0.5mL/kg+SGs1g/Lat96h.Thefollowingbiomarkerswereanalyzed: lipoperoxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC), and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). It was found that both (3 and 4) systems’ exposure decreases LPX, CHP, PCC, SOD,andCATwithrespecttotheCCl system.TheresultsofthisstudydemonstratethattheconcentrationsofSGsusedarenot capable of generating oxidative stress and, on the contrary, would appear to induce an antioxidant effect

Genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by cadmium and zinc in the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala

This study sought to determine the DNA damage, and the lipoperoxidative effect, as well as changes in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities induced by CdSO4 (Cd), and ZnSO4 (Zn), in addition to two different mixtures of the metals. Planarian Dugesia dorotocephala collected in the Ignacio Ramirez reservoir, México, adapted to laboratory conditions, and exposed to the metals in a controlled system was used. Initially, LC50 at 96 h of exposure was determined and the result obtained were 0.69 mg/L for Cd, 11.99 mg/L for Zn, 10.28 mg/L for mix 1, and 8.11 mg/L for mix 2. Then, the comet assay showed a DNA damage increase induced by Cd (0.13 and 0.2 mg/L) as high as 94% over the control level; the effect by Zn (from 0.2 to 2.7 mg/L) was clearly lower, although statistically significant with the high concentrations tested. As regards the two mixtures, we observed a concentration dependent increase. Similarly, in respect to lipoperoxidation, we found a strong effect by Cd, a slight effect by Zn, and a concentration dependent effect induced by the mixtures. Finally, the activity of the tested enzymes was modified by the metals in relation to the concentration applied.Keywords: Zinc, cadmium, planarian, DNA damage, oxidative stressAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(25), pp. 4028-403

DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced on common carp by pollutants in water from an urban reservoir. Madín reservoir, a case study

Artículo científicoMadín Reservoir provides a substantial amount of drinking water to two municipalities close to Mexico City metropolitan area. However, it receives untreated wastewater discharges from domestic sources in the towns of Nuevo Madín and others, as well as diverse pollutants which are hauled by the Río Tlal- nepantla from its upper reaches, so that the xenobiotics in the reservoir are highly diverse in terms of type and quantity. Previous studies showed that MR is contaminated with xenobiotics such as Al, Hg and Fe, as well as NSAIDs, at concentrations exceeding the limits established for aquatic life protection. These pollutants have been shown to induce oxidative stress on Cyprinus carpio and may therefore also damage the genetic material of exposed organisms, eliciting cytotoxicity as well. The present study aimed to determine the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced on blood, liver and gill of C. carpio by the pollutants present in MR water. Specimens were exposed to water from five sampling sites and the following biomarkers were evaluated: DNA damage by comet assay, frequency of micronuclei, apoptosis by TUNEL assay and caspase-3 activity. Significant increases relative to the control group (P < 0.05) were found with all biomarkers in all tissues evaluated, with the level of damage differing between sampling sites. In conclusion, pollutants present in MR water are genotoxic and cytotoxic to C. carpio, and this sentinel species, coupled with the biomarkers evaluated herein, is a reliable tool for assessing the health risk to wildlife posed by exposure to pollutants in freshwater bodies.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT-Mexico, Proj- ect 181541), and the Secretaría de Investigacio n y Posgrado, Insti- tuto Polite cnico Nacional (SIP-IPN, proyecto 20160871)

Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been de- tected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer- reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two dif- ferent environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155 μg L− 1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry tech- niques (HPLC)–MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P b 0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Fur- thermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species