142 research outputs found
The Gribov parameter and the dimension two gluon condensate in Euclidean Yang-Mills theories in the Landau gauge
The local composite operator A^2 is added to the Zwanziger action, which
implements the restriction to the Gribov region in Euclidean Yang-Mills
theories in the Landau gauge. We prove the renormalizability of this action to
all orders of perturbation theory. This allows to study the dimension two gluon
condensate by the local composite operator formalism when the restriction
is taken into account. The effective action is evaluated at one-loop order in
the MSbar scheme. We obtain explicit values for the Gribov parameter and for
the mass parameter due to , but the expansion parameter turns out to be
rather large. Furthermore, an optimization of the perturbative expansion in
order to reduce the dependence on the renormalization scheme is performed. The
properties of the vacuum energy, with or without , are investigated. It is
shown that in the original Gribov-Zwanziger formulation (without ), the
vacuum energy is always positive at 1-loop order, independently from the
renormalization scheme and scale. With , we are unable to come to a
definite conclusion at the order considered. In the MSbar scheme, we still find
a positive vacuum energy, again with a relatively large expansion parameter,
but there are renormalization schemes in which the vacuum energy is negative,
albeit the dependence on the scheme itself appears to be strong. We recover the
well known consequences of the restriction, and this in the presence of :
an infrared suppression of the gluon propagator and an enhancement of the ghost
propagator. This behaviour is in qualitative agreement with the results
obtained from the studies of the Schwinger-Dyson equations and from lattice
simulations.Comment: 42 pages, 10 .eps figures. v2: Version accepted for publication in
Phys.Rev.D. Added references. Technical details have been collected in two
appendice
A time-dependent perturbative analysis for a quantum particle in a cloud chamber
We consider a simple model of a cloud chamber consisting of a test particle
(the alpha-particle) interacting with two other particles (the atoms of the
vapour) subject to attractive potentials centered in . At time zero the alpha-particle is described by an outgoing
spherical wave centered in the origin and the atoms are in their ground state.
We show that, under suitable assumptions on the physical parameters of the
system and up to second order in perturbation theory, the probability that both
atoms are ionized is negligible unless lies on the line joining the
origin with . The work is a fully time-dependent version of the original
analysis proposed by Mott in 1929.Comment: 23 page
Wide-field weak lensing by RXJ1347-1145
We present an analysis of weak lensing observations for RXJ1347-1145 over a
43' X 43' field taken in B and R filters on the Blanco 4m telescope at CTIO.
RXJ1347-1145 is a massive cluster at redshift z=0.45. Using a population of
galaxies with 20<R<26, we detect a weak lensing signal at the p<0.0005 level,
finding best-fit parameters of \sigma_v=1400^{+130}_{-140} km s^{-1} for a
singular isothermal sphere model and r_{200} = 3.5^{+0.8}_{-0.2} Mpc with c =
15^{+64}_{-10} for a NFW model in an \Omega_m = 0.3, \Omega_\Lambda = 0.7
cosmology. In addition, a mass to light ratio M/L_R =90 \pm 20 M_\odot /
L_{R\odot} was determined. These values are consistent with the previous weak
lensing study of RXJ1347--1145 by Fischer and Tyson, 1997, giving strong
evidence that systemic bias was not introduced by the relatively small field of
view in that study. Our best-fit parameter values are also consistent with
recent X-ray studies by Allen et al, 2002 and Ettori et al, 2001, but are not
consistent with recent optical velocity dispersion measurements by Cohen and
Kneib, 2002.Comment: accepted to ApJ, tentative publication 10 May 2005, v624
Gauge-Invariant Coordinates on Gauge-Theory Orbit Space
A gauge-invariant field is found which describes physical configurations,
i.e. gauge orbits, of non-Abelian gauge theories. This is accomplished with
non-Abelian generalizations of the Poincare'-Hodge formula for one-forms. In a
particular sense, the new field is dual to the gauge field. Using this field as
a coordinate, the metric and intrinsic curvature are discussed for Yang-Mills
orbit space for the (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional cases. The sectional, Ricci
and scalar curvatures are all formally non-negative. An expression for the new
field in terms of the Yang-Mills connection is found in 2+1 dimensions. The
measure on Schroedinger wave functionals is found in both 2+1 and 3+1
dimensions; in the former case, it resembles Karabali, Kim and Nair's measure.
We briefly discuss the form of the Hamiltonian in terms of the dual field and
comment on how this is relevant to the mass gap for both the (2+1)- and
(3+1)-dimensional cases.Comment: Typos corrected, more about the non-Abelian decomposition and inner
products, more discussion of the mass gap in 3+1 dimensions. Now 23 page
Discovery of a Galaxy Cluster via Weak Lensing
We report the discovery of a cluster of galaxies via its weak gravitational
lensing effect on background galaxies, the first spectroscopically confirmed
cluster to be discovered through its gravitational effects rather than by its
electromagnetic radiation. This fundamentally different selection mechanism
promises to yield mass-selected, rather than baryon or photon-selected, samples
of these important cosmological probes. We have confirmed this cluster with
spectroscopic redshifts of fifteen members at z=0.276, with a velocity
dispersion of 615 km/s. We use the tangential shear as a function of source
photometric redshift to estimate the lens redshift independently and find z_l =
0.30 +- 0.08. The good agreement with the spectroscopy indicates that the
redshift evolution of the mass function may be measurable from the imaging data
alone in shear-selected surveys.Comment: revised version with minor changes, to appear in ApJ
Multiple Weak Deflections in Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing
The frequency and effects of multiple weak deflections in galaxy-galaxy
lensing are investigated via Monte Carlo simulations. The lenses in the
simulations are galaxies with known redshifts and known rest-frame blue
luminosities. The frequency of multiple deflections above a given threshold
shear value is quantified for discrete source redshifts, as well as for a set
of sources that are broadly distributed in redshift space. In general, the
closest lens in projection on the sky is not the only lens for a given source.
In addition, ~50% of the time the closest lens is not the most important lens
for a given source. Compared to a naive single-deflection calculation in which
only the lensing due to the closest weak lens is considered, a full
multiple-deflection calculation yields a higher net shear for individual
sources, as well as a higher mean tangential shear around the lens centers. The
full multiple-deflection calculation also shows that galaxy-galaxy lensing may
contribute a substantial amount to cosmic shear on small angular scales. The
degree to which galaxy-galaxy lensing contributes to the small-scale cosmic
shear is, however, quite sensitive to the mass adopted for the halos of L_B*
galaxies. Changing the halo mass by a factor of ~2.5 changes the contribution
of galaxy-galaxy lensing to the cosmic shear by a factor of ~3 on scales of
order 1 arcmin. The contribution of galaxy-galaxy lensing to cosmic shear
decreases rapidly with angular scale and extrapolates to zero at scales of
order 5 arcmin. This last result is roughly independent of the halo mass and
suggests that for scales greater than about 5 arcmin, cosmic shear is
insensitive to the details of the gravitational potentials of large galaxies.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ; 35 pages, 15 figures; full text with
high-resolution Figure 1 available at
http://firedrake.bu.edu/preprints/preprints.htm
The Landau gauge gluon and ghost propagator in the refined Gribov-Zwanziger framework in 3 dimensions
In previous works, we have constructed a refined version of the
Gribov-Zwanziger action in 4 dimensions, by taking into account a novel
dynamical effect. In this paper, we explore the 3-dimensional case. Analogously
as in 4 dimensions, we obtain a ghost propagator behaving like in the
infrared, while the gluon propagator reaches a finite nonvanishing value at
zero momentum. Simultaneously, a clear violation of positivity by the gluon
propagator is also found. This behaviour of the propagators turns out be in
agreement with the recent numerical simulations.Comment: 26 pages, 16 .eps figures. v3: version accepted for publication in
Phys Rev
Extremality of Gaussian quantum states
We investigate Gaussian quantum states in view of their exceptional role
within the space of all continuous variables states. A general method for
deriving extremality results is provided and applied to entanglement measures,
secret key distillation and the classical capacity of Bosonic quantum channels.
We prove that for every given covariance matrix the distillable secret key rate
and the entanglement, if measured appropriately, are minimized by Gaussian
states. This result leads to a clearer picture of the validity of frequently
made Gaussian approximations. Moreover, it implies that Gaussian encodings are
optimal for the transmission of classical information through Bosonic channels,
if the capacity is additive.Comment: 4 page
More on Gribov copies and propagators in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills theory
Fixing a gauge in the non-perturbative domain of Yang-Mills theory is a
non-trivial problem due to the presence of Gribov copies. In particular, there
are different gauges in the non-perturbative regime which all correspond to the
same definition of a gauge in the perturbative domain. Gauge-dependent
correlation functions may differ in these gauges. Two such gauges are the
minimal and absolute Landau gauge, both corresponding to the perturbative
Landau gauge. These, and their numerical implementation, are described and
presented in detail. Other choices will also be discussed.
This investigation is performed, using numerical lattice gauge theory
calculations, by comparing the propagators of gluons and ghosts for the minimal
Landau gauge and the absolute Landau gauge in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. It is
found that the propagators are different in the far infrared and even at energy
scales of the order of half a GeV. In particular, also the finite-volume
effects are modified. This is observed in two and three dimensions. Some
remarks on the four-dimensional case are provided as well.Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, 6 tables; various changes throughout most of
the paper; extended discussion on different possibilities to define the
Landau gauge and connection to existing scenarios; in v3: Minor changes,
error in eq. (3) & (4) corrected, version to appear in PR
On the exit statistics theorem of many particle quantum scattering
We review the foundations of the scattering formalism for one particle
potential scattering and discuss the generalization to the simplest case of
many non interacting particles. We point out that the "straight path motion" of
the particles, which is achieved in the scattering regime, is at the heart of
the crossing statistics of surfaces, which should be thought of as detector
surfaces. We sketch a proof of the relevant version of the many particle flux
across surfaces theorem and discuss what needs to be proven for the foundations
of scattering theory in this context.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures; to appear in the proceedings of the conference
"Multiscale methods in Quantum Mechanics", Accademia dei Lincei, Rome,
December 16-20, 200
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