Investigations in the Field of the Ultra-Short Electromagnetic Waves I. The Generator for the Production of Ultra-Short Undamped Waves

A description of apparatus for the production of ultra-short undamped electromagnetic waves by the method of Barkhausen and Kurz is given. An investigation has been made of the method of detecting the oscillations by observing the current in the plate circuit of the generator. At a constant plate potential the current is approximately proportional to the amplitude of the oscillations. A comparison of generators with one and with two tubes shows the advantages of the former. In certain cases the energy of oscillations produced by generators with one tube can be considerably increased by a suitable choice of the "ballast" capacity of the generator

Investigations in the Field of the Ultra-Short Electromagnetic Waves II. The Normal Waves and the Dwarf Waves

The results are presented of an investigation of the production of ultra-short undamped electromagnetic waves by using the method of H. Barkhausen and K. Kurz. Method of working diagrams. Normal waves and dwarf waves. A method is developed for the graphic representation of the work of generators of ultra-short waves. This method is based on the construction of special "working diagrams." These diagrams define the location of "regions of oscillations," which show the values of the natural periods of the oscillating circuits and the values of the grid potentials at which oscillations are generated. Vacuum tubes can generate two kinds of ultra-short waves. The first kind have a wave-length approximating that computed by Barkhausen's formula λ^2Eg=da^210^6. Their period is nearly equal to the time required for the electrons to move from the filament to the plate and back (normal waves). The second kind of waves are considerably shorter (dwarf waves). Both kinds of waves satisfy the equation λ^2Eg=const. for points on the working diagram where the plate current (the amplitude of the oscillations) has its maximum value. Complex working diagrams. Dwarf waves of higher orders. Vacuum tubes can have complex working diagrams with a large number of regions of oscillations. In such a case the tube generates different dwarf waves. Their length is two, three and four times shorter than that of the normal waves. Dwarf waves are accordingly divided into waves of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. orders. The shortest dwarf waves of the 4th order, generated by tubes of the type R5, had a wave-length λ=9.4 cm. The presence of dwarf waves of higher orders shows that vacuum tubes can generate oscillations of a frequency considerably greater than the frequency of the electronic oscillations. Both the normal and dwarf waves belong to the same type of GM-oscillations. Limits were determined within which Barkhausen's formula is applicable. It is shown that the difference in the number of regions of oscillations on the working diagrams depends on the difference in the time required for the electrons to pass in different directions within the tube. The latter depends on the asymmetry in the arrangement of the electrodes. The nature of dwarf waves. Dwarf waves are oscillations of the circuits within the tube or coupled with the tube which are excited in such a manner that during the time τ it takes for the electrons to pass from the filament to the plate and back, the circuits perform two complete oscillations (dwarf waves of the 1st order), three complete oscillations (dwarf waves of the 2nd order) etc. Thus the wave-lengths are equal to: λ0=c0τ (normal waves), λ1=c0τ/2 (dwarf waves of the 1st order), λ2=c0τ/3 (dwarf waves of the 2nd order), λ3=c0τ/4 (dwarf waves of the 3rt order), etc. Dwarf waves 9.5-18.5 cm long originate in oscillating circuits, which are inside the tube. The advantages of dwarf waves of higher orders are shown, owing to the possibility of using lower grid potentials, which leads to a greater steadiness in the operation of the tube

Bulk-boundary correspondence in three dimensional topological insulators

We discuss the relation between bulk topological invariants and the spectrum of surface states in three dimensional non-interacting topological insulators. By studying particular models, and considering general boundary conditions for the electron wavefunction on the crystal surface, we demonstrate that using experimental techniques that probe surface states, only strong topological and trivial insulating phases can be distinguished; the latter state being equivalent to a weak topological insulator. In a strong topological insulator, only the {\it parity} of the number of surface states, but not the number itself, is robust against time-reversal invariant boundary perturbations. Our results suggest a \z definition of the bulk-boundary correspondence, compatible with the \z classification of topological insulators.Comment: TeXLive (Unix), revtex4-1, 7 pages, 3 figure

Дискурс коммунизма и социалистическая языковая личность: риторический аспект

Within the conception of the Sochi Linguistic & Rhetorical School the paper argues for the idea of discourse of Communism as a cover term for the «officialese» in the Soviet Union and former Socialist countries singling out four periods of its development: origin, formation, official existence, dismantling. The article pays special attention to the heterogeneity of the longest period of the discourse's official existence, which consists of the alternating stages: rise in the revolutionary and post-revolutionary years, during war and past-war time with the expansion of the discourse of Communism to other countries; and fall with the massive reprisals of 1930s and the “stagnation” epoch. During the period of its official existence three of its facets – official, public and real – reflect contradictions between the Communist ideas imposed by the authorities and the state of the Socialist linguistic personality confronting the meanness of daily life. The paper reveals those contrasts drawing on the diaries of Olga Berggolts and Alexander Dovzhenko as well as the destinies of Mikhail Prishvin, Alexey Tolstoy and Alexander Fadeyev.Dentro de la concepción de la Escuela Lingüística y Retórica de Sochi, el artículo argumenta a favor de la idea del discurso del comunismo como un término de cobertura para los «officialese» en la Unión Soviética y los ex países socialistas que señalan cuatro períodos de su desarrollo: origen, formación, oficial existencia, desmantelamiento. El artículo presta especial atención a la heterogeneidad del período más largo de la existencia oficial del discurso, que consiste en las etapas alternas: ascenso en los años revolucionario y posrevolucionario, durante la guerra y el tiempo de la guerra pasada con la expansión del discurso del comunismo. a otros países; y caer con las represalias masivas de 1930 y la época de "estancamiento". Durante el período de su existencia oficial, tres de sus facetas, oficial, pública y real, reflejan contradicciones entre las ideas comunistas impuestas por las autoridades y el estado de la personalidad lingüística socialista que confronta la mezquindad de la vida cotidiana. El documento revela esos contrastes basados ​​en los diarios de Olga Berggolts y Alexander Dovzhenko, así como los destinos de Mikhail Prishvin, Alexey Tolstoy y Alexander Fadeyev.В русле концепции Сочинской лингвориторической школы статья обосновывает идею дискурса коммунизма, обобщающую интерпретации «официолекта» в Советском Союзе и в бывших странах социализма, и выделяет четыре периода его развития: зарождение, формирование, расцвет и угасание. Отмечена неоднородность наиболее длительного и значимого периода расцвета, который состоит из чередующихся этапов: вознесения в революционные и послереволюционные годы, в военное и послевоенное время, сопровождавшееся расширением границ дискурса коммунизма на другие страны; и упадка, с которым соотносятся массовые репрессии конца 30-х годов и эпоха «застоя». На всех этапах расцвета дискурса коммунизма его три ипостаси – официальная, публичная и реальная – отражали противоречие между коммунистическими идеями, навязываемыми властями, и состоянием социалистической языковой личности, сталкивающейся с превратностями повседневной реальности. Указанные контрасты раскрываются в статье на материале дневников Ольги Берггольц и Александра Довженко, а также на примере литературных судеб Михаила Пришвина, Алексея Толстого и Александра Фадеева

Tunable unconventional Kondo effect on topological insulator surfaces

We study Kondo physics of a spin-12 impurity in electronic matter with strong spin-orbit interaction, which can be realized by depositing magnetic adatoms on the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator. We show that magnetic properties of topological surface states and the very existence of Kondo screening strongly depend on details of the bulk material, and specifics of surface preparation encoded in time-reversal preserving boundary conditions for electronic wavefunctions. When this tunable Kondo effect occurs, the impurity spin is screened by purely orbital motion of surface electrons. This mechanism gives rise to a transverse magnetic response of the surface metal, and to spin textures that can be used to experimentally probe signatures of a Kondo resonance. Our predictions are particularly relevant for STM measurements in PbTe-class crystalline topological insulators, but we also discuss implications for other classes of topological materials

Оптимизация теплового режима изолирующего дыхательного аппарата на химически связанном кислороде

It is proved that the main prospects for improving the insulating means of respiratory protection are related to the chemical method of oxygen reservation. To increase the efficiency of its use, it is necessary to use the resource of the dead layer of the chemosorbent and prevent the sintering of the granules of the oxygen-containing product under the action of exothermic heat. This is achieved by faster pulsed passage of exhaled air through the frontal layers of the chemosorbent and its slow filtration through the rest of the regenerative cartridge. To evaluate the effectiveness of such a technical solution, a mathematical model of air regeneration in an insulating breathing apparatus with an uneven rate of exhalation filtration through a regenerative cartridge is constructed. The dependencies on the time and coordinate of the concentration of CO2 molecules in the air stream and the share of the use of the protective resource of the regenerative cartridge are obtained. Using numerical experiments, the optimal coordinate of the air flow filtration rate jump was determined to prevent sintering of the granules. Depending on the amount of pressure damping on exhalation and inspiration for the RHS respirator, an increase in the protective effect of the device was determined and a decrease in the power of exothermic heat sources in the frontal layers of the oxygen-containing product was calculated. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the considered improvements of the design, which make it possible to increase the reliability of insulating breathing apparatus on chemically bound oxygen and to increase the efficiency of using their protective resource.Обосновано, что главные перспективы совершенствования изолирующих средств защиты дыхания связаны с химическим способом резервирования кислорода. Для повышения эффективности его использования необходимо задействовать ресурс мертвого слоя хемосорбента и предотвратить спекание гранул кислородсодержащего продукта под действием экзотермического тепла. Это достигается более быстрым импульсным пропусканием выдыхаемого воздуха через лобовые слои хемосорбента и его медленной фильтрацией через остальную часть регенеративного патрона. Для оценки эффективности такого технического решения построена математическая модель регенерации воздуха в изолирующем дыхательном аппарате с неравномерной скоростью фильтрации выдоха через регенеративный патрон. Получены зависимости от времени и координаты концентрации молекул СО2 в воздушном потоке и доли использования защитного ресурса регенеративного патрона. С помощью численных экспериментов определена оптимальная для предотвращения спекания гранул координата скачка скорости фильтрации воздушного потока. В зависимости от величины демпфирования давления на выдохе и вдохе для респиратора РХС определен прирост защитного действия аппарата и рассчитано снижение мощности источников экзотермического тепла в лобовых слоях кислородсодержащего продукта. Полученные результаты подтверждают эффективность рассматриваемых усовершенствований конструкции, благодаря чему могут быть повышены надежность изолирующих дыхательных аппаратов на химически связанном кислороде и эффективность использования их защитного ресурса

Применение ритуксимаба в лечении дизиммунных полинейропатий: описание клинических случаев и обзор литературы

Dysimmune neuropathies are heterogeneous group of acquired immune-mediated diseases, accompanied by damage to the peripheral nervous system. As a standard therapy, prednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulins are used. Also encouraging efficacy is demonstrated by the use of a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody to the CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B-cells – rituximab. Rituximab shows encouraging results. We reviewed the use of rituximab for dysimmune polyneuropathies and described our experience in administration of Lewis–Sumner syndrome and myelin-associated glycoprotein related neuropathy with rituximab.Дизиммунные полинейропатии – гетерогенная группа приобретенных иммуноопосредованных заболеваний, сопровождающихся поражением периферической нервной системы. В качестве стандартной терапии используют преднизолон и внутривенные иммуноглобулины, а также обнадеживающую эффективность показывает применение генно-инженерного химерного моноклонального антитела к CD20‑антигену, обнаруживаемому на поверхности нормальных и малигнизированных В-лимфоцитов – ритуксимаба. В статье представлен обзор литературы по использованию препарата в терапии дизиммунных полинейропатий и описан собственный опыт его применения при синдроме Льюиса–Самнера и полинейропатии, ассоциированной с антителами к миелинассоциированному гликопротеину

The using of quality indicators of Scots pine’s seeds for bioindication of anthropogenic pollution

The quality of Scots pine’s seeds (Pinus sylvestris L.) was analyzed in conditions of industrial emissions magnesite productionПроанализировано качество семян сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в условиях промышленных выбросов магнезитового производств

Glia, sympathetic activity and cardiovascular disease

New Findings What is the topic of this review? In this review, we discuss recent findings that provide a novel insight into the mechanisms that link glial cell function with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including systemic arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure. What advances does it highlight? We discuss how glial cells may influence central presympathetic circuits, leading to maladaptive and detrimental increases in sympathetic activity and contributing to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and may contribute to its progression. Vasomotor and cardiac sympathetic activities are generated by the neuronal circuits located in the hypothalamus and the brainstem. These neuronal networks receive multiple inputs from the periphery and other parts of the CNS and, at a local level, may be influenced by their non-neuronal neighbours, in particular glial cells. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence suggesting that astrocytes and microglial cells are able to modulate the activity of sympathoexcitatory neural networks in disparate physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We focus on the chemosensory properties of astrocytes residing in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata and discuss signalling mechanisms leading to glial activation during brain hypoxia and inflammation. Alterations in these mechanisms may lead to heightened activity of sympathoexcitatory CNS circuits and contribute to maladaptive and detrimental increases in sympathetic tone associated with systemic arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure