Evaluating the role of digital media in language development among pre-schoolers: An observational study

Background: Digital media consumption is prevalent among pre-schoolers, but its impact on language development remains unclear. Aims and Objectives: This study investigates the effects of different types of digital media on pre-school children’s language outcomes. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 pre-school-aged children (mean age 4.2±0.5 years; 51% male) were observed for 12 months. Digital media exposure was categorized into educational interactive, educational passive, and non-educational content, with average screen time being 1.5±0.45 h daily. Language development was assessed using the Preschool Language Scale-5 (PLS-5) at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Results: At the 12-month follow-up, the study participants exhibited an average Total Language Score (TLS) increase from 100±10 to 107±12. Interactive educational app users showed significant language improvements (TLS: 112±10; P<0.05), exceeding gains seen in passive educational (TLS: 104±10) and non-educational content users (TLS: 102±12). Vocabulary size, expressive language, and receptive language improvements were highest in the interactive group (20%, 15%, and 10%, respectively). Behavioral assessments indicated enhanced use of complex sentences and turn-taking skills in the interactive group. Parental co-viewing correlated with higher TLS gains across all groups, with the most pronounced benefit in the interactive group (9 points vs. 6 without co-viewing). Interactive app users also exhibited higher cognitive (40%) and emotional engagement. Conclusion: Our study emphasizes the positive influence of interactive educational apps on pre-schoolers’ language development, with notable gains and augmented outcomes through parental involvement. This highlights the value of guided media use in early childhood education

Reactivity of 2-chalcogenopyridines with palladium-phosphine complexes: isolation of different complexes depending on the nature of chalcogen atom and phosphine ligand

Reactions of either Pd(0) phosphine complexes with dipyridyldichalcogenides or [PdCl2((PP)-P-boolean AND)] ((PP)-P-boolean AND = dppe, dppp) with pyridylchalcogenolate ions have been examined and a variety of Pd(II) complexes have been isolated and characterized. Oxidative addition of {SeC5H3(3-R)N}(2) (R = H or Me) to [Pd((PP)-P-boolean AND)(2)] ((PP)-P-boolean AND = dppe, dppp) gave either a mononuclear complex, [Pd{2-Se-C5H3(3-R)N}(2)((PP)-P-boolean AND)] (for (PP)-P-boolean AND/R: dppe/H or Me; dppp/H) or a cationic binuclear complex, [Pd-2{mu-SeC5H3(3-Me)N}(2)(dppp)(2)](2+) (4b) (R = Me) whereas reactions involving the tellurium analogue exclusively afforded trinuclear complexes, [Pd-3(mu-Te)(2)(PnP)(3)]Cl-2 ((PP)-P-boolean AND = dppe (2) or dppp (6)). The latter was also obtained in the substitution reaction between [PdCl2((PP)-P-boolean AND)] and NaTeC5H3(3-R) N. The substitution reactions between [PdCl2(dppe)] and Pb{EC5H3(3-R)-N}(2) yielded mononuclear complexes, [Pd{2-E-C5H3(3-R)N}(2)(dppe)] (1a-1e) (E = S, Se or Te) while in the case of [PdCl2(dppp)], the reactions resulted in the formation of mono-, bi- and tri- nuclear complexes depending on the nature of the chalcogen atom (E = S, Se or Te) and the substituent on the pyridyl ring (R = H or Me). Treatment of dipyridyl ditellurides, {TeC5H3(3-R)N}(2) (R = H or Me), with [Pd(PPh3)(4)] gave expected tellurolate complexes, [Pd{2-TeC5H3(3-R)N}(2)(PPh3)(2)] (7a, 7b) which on prolonged standing in CDCl3 solution gave green crystals of [PdCl{2-Te(Cl)(2)C5H3(3-Me)N}(PPh3)] (9). The molecular structures of {TeC5H3(3-Me)N}(2), [Pd-2{mu-TeC5H3(3-Me)N}(2)(dppp)(2)]Cl-2 center dot 3H(2)O (5 center dot 3H(2)O), [Pd-3(mu-Te)(2)(dppp)(3)]Cl-2 center dot 3CHCl(3) (6 center dot 3CHCl(3)) and [PdCl{2-Te(Cl)(2)C5H3(3-Me)N}(PPh3)] (9) were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.</p

<span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">Bis-phosphine palladium(II) mesityl chalcogenolate complexes: Synthesis and structure of [Pd(SeMes)₂(dppe)]</span>

41-44Reactions of [PdCl2(PP)] (PP=dppe, dppp) with Pb(SMes)2 or NaEMes yield mononuclear complexes of the type,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> [Pd(EMes)2(PP)] (Mes = mesityl (2,4,6-Me3C6H2); E = S, Se or Te). However, in the reaction of [PdCl2(dppp)] with NaTeMes, a trinuclear complex, [Pd3(µ-Te)2(dppp)3]2+ is formed via Te-C bond cleavage in CH2Cl2. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses and NMR (1H, 31P{1H}) spectroscopy. The molecular structure of [Pd(SeMes)2(dppe)] has been established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.</span

Reactivity of 2-chalcogenopyridines with palladium-phosphine complexes: isolation of different complexes depending on the nature of chalcogen atom and phosphine ligand

Reactions of either Pd(0) phosphine complexes with dipyridyldichalcogenides or [PdCl2((PP)-P-boolean AND)] ((PP)-P-boolean AND = dppe, dppp) with pyridylchalcogenolate ions have been examined and a variety of Pd(II) complexes have been isolated and characterized. Oxidative addition of {SeC5H3(3-R)N}(2) (R = H or Me) to [Pd((PP)-P-boolean AND)(2)] ((PP)-P-boolean AND = dppe, dppp) gave either a mononuclear complex, [Pd{2-Se-C5H3(3-R)N}(2)((PP)-P-boolean AND)] (for (PP)-P-boolean AND/R: dppe/H or Me; dppp/H) or a cationic binuclear complex, [Pd-2{mu-SeC5H3(3-Me)N}(2)(dppp)(2)](2+) (4b) (R = Me) whereas reactions involving the tellurium analogue exclusively afforded trinuclear complexes, [Pd-3(mu-Te)(2)(PnP)(3)]Cl-2 ((PP)-P-boolean AND = dppe (2) or dppp (6)). The latter was also obtained in the substitution reaction between [PdCl2((PP)-P-boolean AND)] and NaTeC5H3(3-R) N. The substitution reactions between [PdCl2(dppe)] and Pb{EC5H3(3-R)-N}(2) yielded mononuclear complexes, [Pd{2-E-C5H3(3-R)N}(2)(dppe)] (1a-1e) (E = S, Se or Te) while in the case of [PdCl2(dppp)], the reactions resulted in the formation of mono-, bi- and tri- nuclear complexes depending on the nature of the chalcogen atom (E = S, Se or Te) and the substituent on the pyridyl ring (R = H or Me). Treatment of dipyridyl ditellurides, {TeC5H3(3-R)N}(2) (R = H or Me), with [Pd(PPh3)(4)] gave expected tellurolate complexes, [Pd{2-TeC5H3(3-R)N}(2)(PPh3)(2)] (7a, 7b) which on prolonged standing in CDCl3 solution gave green crystals of [PdCl{2-Te(Cl)(2)C5H3(3-Me)N}(PPh3)] (9). The molecular structures of {TeC5H3(3-Me)N}(2), [Pd-2{mu-TeC5H3(3-Me)N}(2)(dppp)(2)]Cl-2 center dot 3H(2)O (5 center dot 3H(2)O), [Pd-3(mu-Te)(2)(dppp)(3)]Cl-2 center dot 3CHCl(3) (6 center dot 3CHCl(3)) and [PdCl{2-Te(Cl)(2)C5H3(3-Me)N}(PPh3)] (9) were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.</p

2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylselenolates of cadmium(II): syntheses, structure of [Cd<SUB>3</SUB>(OAc)<SUB>2</SUB>(SeCH<SUB>2</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>NMe<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>4</SUB>] and their use as single source precursors for the preparation of CdSe nanoparticles

The reaction of Cd(OAc)2 · 2H2O with NaSeCH2CH2NMe2 gave a homoleptic cadmium selenolate, [Cd(SeCH2CH2NMe2)2]. The latter complex, on treatment with Cd(OAc)2 · 2H2O, afforded [Cd3(OAc)2(SeCH2CH2NMe2)4], which was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Pyrolysis of [Cd(SeCH2CH2NMe2)2] either in a mixture of hot hexadecylamine (HDA) and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or in a furnace (180 and 200 °C) gave CdSe nanoparticles with average sizes varying between 3 and 21 nm. Both cubic and hexagonal phases of CdSe nanoparticles have been isolated under different experimental conditions. The CdSe nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Time resolved luminescence measurements showed three different decay times for both band edge and trap state emissions

Double labial talon cusp on permanent incisior—An unusual occurrence

A labial or lingual talon cusp is a well distinct extra cusp that is positioned on the plane or surface of the tooth of either upper or lower tooth usually covers an area of at least fifty percent of the teeth extends from the CEJ to the edge of the incisors. A talon cusp is considered be an extra or an accessory cusp enlarges from cingulum and to continually enlarge to be a fully formed cusp. Around three fourth of all documented talon cusps are present in the permanent dentition. The usual radiographic finding is a double teeth appearance. Here, we shared one case report of rare entity of double talon or eagle cusp on permanent central incisor