A study of night waking and infant crying : "What do I do to stop baby crying?" : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masterate in Education at Massey University

This study investigates maternal responses to night waking and infant crying. It illustrates differences in the degree and the type of mothering that is practised with relation to (i) previous mothering experience (ii) prior and immediate circumstances surrounding the baby's cry, and (iii) educational level of the mother. Two groups of mothers were interviewed: a primiparous group and a multiparous group. All mothers had babies between three and twelve weeks of age at the time of the interview. Mothers were from the Palmerston North area and surrounding environs, and were classified according to family socio-economic level, mother's education and number of other children. All mothers were given a similar interview to obtain information on (i) feeding style, i.e. breast or bottle (ii) amount of attention baby needs at night (iii) degree of grizzliness found in baby (iv) amount of help father gives (v) general health and temperament of baby (vi) ethnic group of mother and father (vii) what mother would do when baby wakes up and cries at night (viii) mother's attitude to spoiling the baby. In order to assess what mother does when baby wakes at night, four Vignettes were prepared to hypothesis four feeding states. Each Vignette was followed by questions on what mother would do when baby cried, and how soon she would do it. A chi-square test was applied to assess the significance of the difference between the scores of multiparous and primiparous mothers. Observations from this survey show differences in waiting times with relation to the experience of the mother, and differences in response styles to cope with baby crying at night with relation to (i) mothering experience (ii) amount of time given to attending to basic physical or social needs (iii) amount of time repeatedly spent attending to basic physical needs, and differences in feeding style with relation to the educational level of the mother. Results of some earlier surveys are reinforced, and recommendations are made for future work on this topic

Preferences, power, and the determination of working hours

Preferences, power, and the determination of working hour

Treatments of the exchange energy in density-functional theory

Following a recent work [Gal, Phys. Rev. A 64, 062503 (2001)], a simple derivation of the density-functional correction of the Hartree-Fock equations, the Hartree-Fock-Kohn-Sham equations, is presented, completing an integrated view of quantum mechanical theories, in which the Kohn-Sham equations, the Hartree-Fock-Kohn-Sham equations and the ground-state Schrodinger equation formally stem from a common ground: density-functional theory, through its Euler equation for the ground-state density. Along similar lines, the Kohn-Sham formulation of the Hartree-Fock approach is also considered. Further, it is pointed out that the exchange energy of density-functional theory built from the Kohn-Sham orbitals can be given by degree-two homogeneous N-particle density functionals (N=1,2,...), forming a sequence of degree-two homogeneous exchange-energy density functionals, the first element of which is minus the classical Coulomb-repulsion energy functional.Comment: 19 pages; original manuscript from 2001 (v1) revised for publication, with presentation substantially improved, some errors corrected, plus an additional summarizing figure (Appendix B) include

A “Christian America” Restored: The Rise of the Evangelical Christian School Movement in America, 1920-1952

Finding the origins and causes of the twentieth century evangelical Christian school movement in America during the years 1920-1952 was the subject of this study. Numerous primary and secondary sources were utilized. Primary sources consisted of original minutes of the proceedings of the National Education Association, the National Union of Christian Schools, and the National Association of Evangelicals. In addition, numerous evangelical publications of this era such as Moody Monthly, The Sunday School Times, and United Evangelical Action were consulted. From within the movement original sources such as Christian School Statistics, The Christian Teacher, and The National Association of Christian Schools Newsletter also added to the project. The scores of original books, speeches, and pamphlets by the two most significant early leaders in the movement, Mark Fakkema and Frank Gaebelein, provided rich insight into the thinking and tactics of the founders of this fledgling Christian enterprise. Secondary sources included numerous historical works on fundamentalism, public education, Christian education, the Cold War, and selected biographical works. Research was conducted in numerous data bases as well as a visit to the Wheaton College archives and to Wheaton Christian Grammar School, both in Wheaton, Illinois. The result of this study revealed several conclusions. First, contrary to widely held views that the Christian school movement started as a reaction to de-segregation and the turbulence of the 1960s, this movement actually predated this era by at least thirty years. Second, the study found that this movement was a direct reaction to the decline of Protestant influence in America over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Third, this dissertation found that this movement goes back to the long held belief that America was founded as a Christian nation and should remain as such in the minds of evangelicals. Therefore, the thesis of this study states that the Christian school movement, responding to a century of change and adversity, emerged in the twentieth century as a means for evangelical Christians to reclaim their loss of power within the nation, their communities, and their homes in an increasingly complex American society

International Year of Planet Earth 6. Biosignatures: Interpreting Evidence of the Origins and Diversity of Life

Biosignatures are molecular, mineral or isotopic patterns that can be unambiguously interpreted as evidence of life and so provide the means for us to address our most fundamental questions about the origins and evolution of life. Biosignatures of microbial life are especially important to our understanding of early Earth history, and can be recorded in magnetic mineral traces, various carbon compounds, and stable isotope ratios of many elements. These signatures, preserved in the geologic record, represent the primary means by which we gain insight into the early history of life on Earth, including the timing of the origins of life and major interactions of life with its environment, such as the oxidation of the Earth’s atmosphere. In addition, microbial biosignatures are also considered one of the most likely targets in the search for life beyond Earth. However, identifying and interpreting geochemical biosignatures of microbial life is challenging and involves careful differentiation between signatures of biological processes and those of abiological processes. Canada is playing an important role in biosig-nature research, both through the geologic record of life preserved in our ancient rocks, and through many examples of microbial life in extreme environments. The latter provide the modern understanding required to interpret the biosignature record from early Earth and perhaps one day from another planet. SOMMAIRE Les biosignatures sont ces arrangements moléculaires, minéraux et isotopiques qui sont des preuves évidentes de l’existence de vie organique, et qui sont donc autant de moyens nous permettant de tenter de répondre aux questions fondamentales sur l’origine et l’évolution de la vie. Les biosig-natures microbiennes sont particulièrement importantes pour la compréhension des premiers stades de l’histoire de la Terre; elles sont constituées de traces de minéraux magnétiques, de composés organiques divers, ou de ratios particuliers d’isotopes stables de nombreux éléments. Ces signatures conservées dans la roche sont des indicateurs de première importance nous permettant de déchiffrer les premiers stades de l’histoire de la vie sur Terre, incluant la chronologie des origines de la vie et des grandes interactions de la vie avec l’environnement, comme l’oxydation de l’atmosphère terrestre. De plus, on considère que les biosignatures microbiennes sont l’un des indicateurs les plus probables de la présence de vie extraterrestre. Cela dit, l’identification et l’interprétation de biosignatures géochimiques microbiennes est délicate; il faut pouvoir distinguer les biosignatures de processus biologiques de celles de processus abiologiques. Le Canada joue un rôle important dans la recherche sur les biosignatures, à la fois par les traces de vie préservées dans les roches anciennes de son histoire géologique, et du fait des exemples de vie microbienne dans des environnements extrêmes de son territoire. Les recherches en milieux extrêmes nous permettent d’acquérir les connaissances nécessaires pour interpréter les biosignatures des premiers stades de l’histoire géologique de la Terre, et peut-être un jour d’une autre planète

The National Emergencies Act of 1976- End of Emergency Government?

The purpose of this article is to examine whether the National Emergencies Act will accomplish its purpose of insuring that the exercise of national emergency authority by the Executive is responsible, appropriate, and timely. While the National Emergencies Act has drawn a certain amount of attention to the problem, it has, by no means, solved it. The Act exempts from its provisions eight statutes which the executive branch considers vital national emergency authority.\u27 9 The obvious paradox of these exceptions, which is one of the most important continuing problems in the area, is more easily understood after an examination of how the National Emergencies Act came to be law

Two-Qubit Separabilities as Piecewise Continuous Functions of Maximal Concurrence

The generic real (b=1) and complex (b=2) two-qubit states are 9-dimensional and 15-dimensional in nature, respectively. The total volumes of the spaces they occupy with respect to the Hilbert-Schmidt and Bures metrics are obtainable as special cases of formulas of Zyczkowski and Sommers. We claim that if one could determine certain metric-independent 3-dimensional "eigenvalue-parameterized separability functions" (EPSFs), then these formulas could be readily modified so as to yield the Hilbert-Schmidt and Bures volumes occupied by only the separable two-qubit states (and hence associated separability probabilities). Motivated by analogous earlier analyses of "diagonal-entry-parameterized separability functions", we further explore the possibility that such 3-dimensional EPSFs might, in turn, be expressible as univariate functions of some special relevant variable--which we hypothesize to be the maximal concurrence (0 < C <1) over spectral orbits. Extensive numerical results we obtain are rather closely supportive of this hypothesis. Both the real and complex estimated EPSFs exhibit clearly pronounced jumps of magnitude roughly 50% at C=1/2, as well as a number of additional matching discontinuities.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, new abstract, revised for J. Phys.