Model studies of timber shell roofs.

The effects of four types of fastening and of scaling on the properties of a timber shell membrane were studied. The membrane was a three layer type made of ex 4 x 1 in. T & G radiata pine boards, the centre layer running at right angles to the outer layers. The fastenings were three densities of nailing and one of nail-gluing. Timber properties were characterised by grading modulus (g.m.) which was the stiffness of prototype boards on the flat under centre point loading over a 3 ft span while the fastenings were characterised by the load-slip behaviour of representative joints. The joint behaviour showed little correlation with g.m. Prototype and 1/5 scale model elements were tested in compression shear, bending and torsion and elastic constants were computed. The various constants were affected to different degrees by the four types of fastening according to the level of stress carried by the fastening under the various element loadings. The model similitude obtained in the elements was good when this was based on g.m., the load-slip behaviour of representative joints and the weight of glue spread per unit area of glueline. Two 1/5 scale model cylindrical timber shells were built and tested, one nailed and the other nail-glued. Their deflections were about twice those calculated by a simplified analysis for orthotropic shells. Their relative behaviour was similar to the relative behaviour of the model elements in shear which suggests that the discrepancy between calculated and observed deflections arose from shear deformation which the analysis ignored

A Belief System's Organization Based on a Computational Model of the Dynamic Context: First Approximation

In this article we present a model of organization of a belief system based on a set of binary recursive functions that characterize the dynamic context that modifies the beliefs. The initial beliefs are modeled by a set of two-bit words that grow, update, and generate other beliefs as the different experiences of the dynamic context appear. Reason is presented as an emergent effect of the experience on the beliefs. The system presents a layered structure that allows a functional organization of the belief system. Our approach seems suitable to model different ways of thinking and to apply to different realistic scenarios such as ideologies

Association of coronary vessel characteristics with outcome in patients with percutaneous coronary interventions with incomplete revascularization

© 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. IMPORTANCE Many studies have compared outcomes for incomplete revascularization (IR) among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), but little is known about whether outcomes are related to the nature of the IR. OBJECTIVE To determine whether some coronary vessel characteristics are associated with worse outcomes in patients with PCI with IR. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS New York\u27s PCI registrywas used to examine mortality (median follow-up, 3.4 years) as a function of the number of vessels that were incompletely revascularized, the stenosis in those vessels, and whether the proximal left anterior descending artery was incompletely revascularized after controlling for other factors associated with mortality for patients with and without ST-elevationmyocardial infarction (STEMI). This was a multicenter study (all nonfederal PCI hospitals in New York State) that included 41 639 New York residents with multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing PCI in New York State between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012. EXPOSURES Percutaneous coronary interventions, with complete and incomplete revascularization. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Medium-term mortality. RESULTS For patients with STEMI, the mean age was 62.8 years; 26.2%were women, 11.9% were Hispanic, and 81.5%were white. For other patients, the mean age was 66.6 years, 29.1%were women, 11.3%were Hispanic, and 79.1%were white. Incomplete revascularization was very common (78%among patients with STEMI and 71%among other patients). Patients with IR in a vessel with at least 90% stenosis were at higher risk than other patients with IR. This was not significant among patients with STEMI (17.18%vs 12.86%; adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.16; 95%CI, 0.99-1.37) and significant among patients without STEMI (17.71% vs 12.96%; AHR, 1.15; 95%CI, 1.07-1.24). Similarly, patients with IR in 2 or more vessels had higher mortality than patients with completely revascularization and higher mortality than other patients with IR among patients with STEMI (20.37%vs 14.39%; AHR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.15-1.59) and among patients without STEMI (20.10% vs 12.86%; AHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.59). Patients with proximal left anterior descending artery vessel IR had higher mortality than other patients with IR (20.09% vs 14.67%; AHR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.04-1.64 for patients with STEMI and 20.78%vs 15.62%; AHR, 1.11; 95%CI, 1.01-1.23 for patients without STEMI). More than 20%of all PCI patients had IR of 2 or more vessels and more than 30% had IR with more than 90% stenosis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with IR are at higher risk of mortality if they have IR with at least 90% stenosis, IR in 2 or more vessels, or proximal left anterior descending IR

Defining and assessing spiritual health : a comparative study among 13- to 15-year-old pupils attending secular schools, Anglican schools, and private Christian schools in England and Wales

This article argues that the nation's commitment to young people involves proper concern for their physical health, their psychological health, and their spiritual health. In this context the notion of spiritual health is clarified by a critique of John Fisher's model of spiritual health. Fisher developed a relational model of spiritual health, which defines good spiritual health in terms of an individual's relationship to four domains: the personal, the communal, the environmental, and the transcendental. In the present analysis, we make comparisons between pupils educated in three types of schools: publicly funded schools without religious foundation, publicly funded schools with an Anglican foundation, and new independent Christian schools (not publicly funded). Our findings draw attention to significant differences in the levels of spiritual health experienced by pupils within these three types of schools

Target and beam-target spin asymmetries in exclusive pion electroproduction for Q2>1GeV2 . I. ep→eπ+n

Beam-target double-spin asymmetries and target single-spin asymmetries were measured for the exclusive π + electroproduction reaction γ ∗ p → n π + . The results were obtained from scattering of 6-GeV longitudinally polarized electrons off longitudinally polarized protons using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The kinematic range covered is 1.1 < W < 3 GeV and 1 < Q 2 < 6 GeV 2 . Results were obtained for about 6000 bins in W ,   Q 2 ,   cos ( θ ∗ ) , and ϕ ∗ . Except at forward angles, very large target-spin asymmetries are observed over the entire W region. Reasonable agreement is found with phenomenological fits to previous data for W < 1.6 GeV, but very large differences are seen at higher values of W . A generalized parton distributions (GPD)-based model is in poor agreement with the data. When combined with cross-sectional measurements, the present results provide powerful constraints on nucleon resonance amplitudes at moderate and large values of Q 2 , for resonances with masses as high as 2.4 GeV

Beam-target helicity asymmetry for γ→n→→π−p in the N*resonance region

We report the first beam-target double-polarization asymmetries in the γ þ nðpÞ → π− þ pðpÞ reaction spanning the nucleon resonance region from invariant mass W ¼ 1500 to 2300 MeV. Circularly polarized photons and longitudinally polarized deuterons in solid hydrogen deuteride (HD) have been used with the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. The exclusive final state has been extracted using three very different analyses that show excellent agreement, and these have been used to deduce the E polarization observable for an effective neutron target. These results have been incorporated into new partial wave analyses and have led to significant revisions for several γnN* resonance photocouplings