151 research outputs found
Social Problems in Major League Baseball: Revisiting and Expanding Talamini’s Analysis Twenty Years Later
The purpose of this research was to review, revisit, and expand Talamini’s social problems within Major League Baseball (MLB). Talamini’s categories, which include gambling, player/managerial violence, spectator violence, cheating, crime, and greed are reviewed and applied to social problems in MLB since the original publication in 1987. In order to better understand social problems and deviant behavior within MLB, the original categories are related to specific deviance theories to better understand causation of deviance. Theories are then organized by Shoemaker’s proposed integrated model, which organizes causes of deviance on the structural, social-psychological, and psychological levels. Relating Talamini’s social problems categories to sociology of deviance theories, and then organized by Shoemaker’s proposed integrated model aids in better explaining MLB deviance. Recommendations are made to sport management practitioners, students, and scholars regarding how to ameliorate the aforementioned social problems
Relaxation kinetics in two-dimensional structures
We have studied the approach to equilibrium of islands and pores in two
dimensions. The two-regime scenario observed when islands evolve according to a
set of particular rules, namely relaxation by steps at low temperature and
smooth at high temperature, is generalized to a wide class of kinetic models
and the two kinds of structures. Scaling laws for equilibration times are
analytically derived and confirmed by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl
Changing shapes in the nanoworld
What are the mechanisms leading to the shape relaxation of three dimensional
crystallites ? Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of fcc clusters show that the
usual theories of equilibration, via atomic surface diffusion driven by
curvature, are verified only at high temperatures. Below the roughening
temperature, the relaxation is much slower, kinetics being governed by the
nucleation of a critical germ on a facet. We show that the energy barrier for
this step linearly increases with the size of the crystallite, leading to an
exponential dependence of the relaxation time.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by Phys Rev Let
Early stage morphology of quench condensed Ag, Pb and Pb/Ag hybrid films
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) has been used to study the morphology of
Ag, Pb and Pb/Ag bilayer films fabricated by quench condensation of the
elements onto cold (T=77K), inert and atomically flat Highly Oriented Pyrolytic
Graphite (HOPG) substrates. All films are thinner than 10 nm and show a
granular structure that is consistent with earlier studies of QC films. The
average lateral diameter, , of the Ag grains, however, depends on
whether the Ag is deposited directly on HOPG ( = 13 nm) or on a Pb
film consisting of a single layer of Pb grains ( = 26.8 nm). In
addition, the critical thickness for electrical conduction () of Pb/Ag
films on inert glass substrates is substantially larger than for pure Ag films.
These results are evidence that the structure of the underlying substrate
exerts an influence on the size of the grains in QC films. We propose a
qualitative explanation for this previously unencountered phenomenon.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures and one tabl
Electromigration-Induced Flow of Islands and Voids on the Cu(001) Surface
Electromigration-induced flow of islands and voids on the Cu(001) surface is
studied at the atomic scale. The basic drift mechanisms are identified using a
complete set of energy barriers for adatom hopping on the Cu(001) surface,
combined with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The energy barriers are
calculated by the embedded atom method, and parameterized using a simple model.
The dependence of the flow on the temperature, the size of the clusters, and
the strength of the applied field is obtained. For both islands and voids it is
found that edge diffusion is the dominant mass-transport mechanism. The rate
limiting steps are identified. For both islands and voids they involve
detachment of atoms from corners into the adjacent edge. The energy barriers
for these moves are found to be in good agreement with the activation energy
for island/void drift obtained from Arrhenius analysis of the simulation
results. The relevance of the results to other FCC(001) metal surfaces and
their experimental implications are discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 13 ps figure
Insights into the Mechanism of Ligand Binding to Octopine Dehydrogenase from Pecten maximus by NMR and Crystallography
Octopine dehydrogenase (OcDH) from the adductor muscle of the great scallop, Pecten maximus, catalyzes the NADH dependent, reductive condensation of L-arginine and pyruvate to octopine, NAD+, and water during escape swimming and/or subsequent recovery. The structure of OcDH was recently solved and a reaction mechanism was proposed which implied an ordered binding of NADH, L-arginine and finally pyruvate. Here, the order of substrate binding as well as the underlying conformational changes were investigated by NMR confirming the model derived from the crystal structures. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the OcDH/NADH/agmatine complex was determined which suggests a key role of the side chain of L-arginine in protein cataylsis. Thus, the order of substrate binding to OcDH as well as the molecular signals involved in octopine formation can now be described in molecular detail
The rich 6 to 9 um spectrum of interstellar PAHs
Here, we present 6-9 um spectra of a sample of RNe, HII regions, YSOs,
evolved stars and galaxies that show strong unidentified infrared bands,
obtained with the ISO-SWS. The IR emission features show pronounced variations.
1) The 6.2 um feature shifts and clearly shows profile variations. 2) The 7.7
um complex is comprised of at least two subpeaks peaking at 7.6 and one
longwards of 7.7 um. In some cases the main peak can apparently shift up to 8
um. Two sources do not exhibit a 7.7 um complex but instead show a broad
emission feature at 8.22 um. 3) The 8.6 um feature has a symmetric profile in
all sources and some sources exhibit this band at slightly longer wavelengths.
For the 6.2, 7.7 and 8.6 um features, the sources have been classified
independently based on their profile and peak position. The classes derived for
these features are directly linked with each other. Furthermore, the observed
6--9 um spectrum depends on the type of object. We attribute the observed 6.2
um profile and peak position to the combined effect of a PAH family and
anharmonicity with pure PAHs representing the 6.3 um component and
substituted/complexed PAHs representing the 6.2 um component. The 7.6 um
component is well reproduced by both pure and substituted/complexed PAHs but
the 7.8 um component remains an enigma. In addition, the exact identification
of the 8.22 um feature remains unknown. The observed variations in the
characteristics of the IR emission bands are linked to the local physical
conditions. Possible formation and evolution processes that may influence the
interstellar PAH class are highlighted.Comment: 26 pages, 25 figures, 3 tables accepted by A&
The Set3/Hos2 Histone Deacetylase Complex Attenuates cAMP/PKA Signaling to Regulate Morphogenesis and Virulence of Candida albicans
Candida albicans, like other pleiomorphic fungal pathogens, is able to undergo a reversible transition between single yeast-like cells and multicellular filaments. This morphogenetic process has long been considered as a key fungal virulence factor. Here, we identify the evolutionarily conserved Set3/Hos2 histone deacetylase complex (Set3C) as a crucial repressor of the yeast-to-filament transition. Cells lacking core components of the Set3C are able to maintain all developmental phases, but are hypersusceptible to filamentation-inducing signals, because of a hyperactive cAMP/Protein Kinase A signaling pathway. Strikingly, Set3C-mediated control of filamentation is required for virulence in vivo, since set3Δ/Δ cells display strongly attenuated virulence in a mouse model of systemic infection. Importantly, the inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by trichostatin A exclusively phenocopies the absence of a functional Set3C, but not of any other histone deacetylase gene. Hence, our work supports a paradigm for manipulating morphogenesis in C. albicans through alternative antifungal therapeutic strategies
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