Computational Approaches to Explainable Artificial Intelligence:Advances in Theory, Applications and Trends

Deep Learning (DL), a groundbreaking branch of Machine Learning (ML), has emerged as a driving force in both theoretical and applied Artificial Intelligence (AI). DL algorithms, rooted in complex and non-linear artificial neural systems, excel at extracting high-level features from data. DL has demonstrated human-level performance in real-world tasks, including clinical diagnostics, and has unlocked solutions to previously intractable problems in virtual agent design, robotics, genomics, neuroimaging, computer vision, and industrial automation. In this paper, the most relevant advances from the last few years in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and several applications to neuroscience, neuroimaging, computer vision, and robotics are presented, reviewed and discussed. In this way, we summarize the state-of-the-art in AI methods, models and applications within a collection of works presented at the 9 International Conference on the Interplay between Natural and Artificial Computation (IWINAC). The works presented in this paper are excellent examples of new scientific discoveries made in laboratories that have successfully transitioned to real-life applications

An insight to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) pathogenesis; evidence from high-throughput data integration and meta-analysis

Background Human T-lymphotropic virus 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system that significantly affected spinal cord, nevertheless, the pathogenesis pathway and reliable biomarkers have not been well determined. This study aimed to employ high throughput meta-analysis to find major genes that are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Results High-throughput statistical analyses identified 832, 49, and 22 differentially expressed genes for normal vs. ACs, normal vs. HAM/TSP, and ACs vs. HAM/TSP groups, respectively. The protein-protein interactions between DEGs were identified in STRING and further network analyses highlighted 24 and 6 hub genes for normal vs. HAM/TSP and ACs vs. HAM/TSP groups, respectively. Moreover, four biologically meaningful modules including 251 genes were identified for normal vs. ACs. Biological network analyses indicated the involvement of hub genes in many vital pathways like JAK-STAT signaling pathway, interferon, Interleukins, and immune pathways in the normal vs. HAM/TSP group and Metabolism of RNA, Viral mRNA Translation, Human T cell leukemia virus 1 infection, and Cell cycle in the normal vs. ACs group. Moreover, three major genes including STAT1, TAP1, and PSMB8 were identified by network analysis. Real-time PCR revealed the meaningful down-regulation of STAT1 in HAM/TSP samples than AC and normal samples (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively), up-regulation of PSMB8 in HAM/TSP samples than AC and normal samples (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively), and down-regulation of TAP1 in HAM/TSP samples than those in AC and normal samples (P = 0.008 and P = 0.02, respectively). No significant difference was found among three groups in terms of the percentage of T helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (P = 0.55 and P = 0.12). Conclusions High-throughput data integration disclosed novel hub genes involved in important pathways in virus infection and immune systems. The comprehensive studies are needed to improve our knowledge about the pathogenesis pathways and also biomarkers of complex diseases.Peer reviewe

Computational approaches to Explainable Artificial Intelligence:Advances in theory, applications and trends

Deep Learning (DL), a groundbreaking branch of Machine Learning (ML), has emerged as a driving force in both theoretical and applied Artificial Intelligence (AI). DL algorithms, rooted in complex and non-linear artificial neural systems, excel at extracting high-level features from data. DL has demonstrated human-level performance in real-world tasks, including clinical diagnostics, and has unlocked solutions to previously intractable problems in virtual agent design, robotics, genomics, neuroimaging, computer vision, and industrial automation. In this paper, the most relevant advances from the last few years in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and several applications to neuroscience, neuroimaging, computer vision, and robotics are presented, reviewed and discussed. In this way, we summarize the state-of-the-art in AI methods, models and applications within a collection of works presented at the 9th International Conference on the Interplay between Natural and Artificial Computation (IWINAC). The works presented in this paper are excellent examples of new scientific discoveries made in laboratories that have successfully transitioned to real-life applications.</p

Methylcoenzyme a Mutase Deficiency (MMCOA) Combined with Homocystinuria

Background: The combined MMCOA deficiency and Hemocystinuria results from defect in cb1c & cb1d & cb1F genome. Until now only 100 cases of this disease has been reported. Most of them with cb1c deficiency. Due to this enzymatic defect, mild to moderate retention of Hemocystin (MMA) and their precursors in the body fluids (blood and urine) ensues. Although, acidemia, Hypoglycemia & megaloblastic anemia are common but hyperamonemia and hyperglycemia were not reported in these patients. Our case is a 3 years old girl with known MMCOA deficiency and Hemocystinuria who needed G.A for partial resection of the mandible because of osteomilitis. Materials and Methods: In this report we explain the preoperative preparation of the patient, induction and maintenance of Anesthesia, and discuss the biochemical, lab results during & after surgery. Results & Conclusion: Due to our result, the urine and blood hemocystin & MMCOA were not increased. This case is interesting because no theoretical or practical report on the G.A of these patients exists

Intraperitoneal injection of Bupivacaine and Lidocaine in reducing postoperative pain in gynecologic laparoscopic surgeries: a comparative study

Background: As less invasive surgical procedures, such as laparoscopy, become more common, patients can go home soon after the surgery. However, some pain is accompanied by such procedures due to peritoneal stretching, diaphragmatic irritation, or, to a lesser extent, abdominal puncture. It is important to reduce the level of pain to the point that narcotics are not necessary. The administration of opioids for pain after abdominal surgeries is common. The receptors involved seem to be susceptible to blockade with low-dose local anesthesia, although this is subject to some controversy. In this study, we assess and compare the effectiveness of intraperitoneal Bupivacaine and Lidocaine in pain reduction after diagnostic gynecologic laparoscopy in infertility patients. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 150 patients admitted to Dr. Shariati Hospital for diagnostic gynecologic laparoscopy were entered into three randomized groups. Group B received Bupivacaine after the diagnostic laparoscopic procedure, group L received Lidocaine and group C, the control group, received a placebo after the surgery, all administered intraperi- toneally. Postsurgerical pain was assessed using the numeric visual analogue scale at 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Results: In group B, the pain scores at 6 and 24 hours after surgery were significantly less than those of group L. Conclusions: Administration of Bupivacaine after diagnostic gynecologic laparoscopic procedures is more effective in pain control than Lidocaine. The effect of this drug is temporary, yet it significantly decreases early postoperative pain, reducing the need for additional postoperative analgesics. Furthermore, the time at which patients can be discharged from the hospital is significantly reduced

A COMPARISON OF DEXAMETASONE AND METOCLOPRAMIDE FOR PREVENTING PAIN ON INJECTION OF DIAZEPAM

Intravenous administration of dexamethasone before diazepam injection seems &quot;0 reduce the incidence or pain on injection. We conducted a randomized. prospective, double-blind. placebocontrolled clinical trial to compare effect or dexamethasone, mctoclopramidc ami placebo in reducing the injection pain.:&quot; total of 120 ASA class I and ll mcn aged 20-45 years that needed more than one intravenous access were enrolled in the study and were randomly allocated to one of the three groups: group 1, :2 ml intravenous normal saline and 2 1111 dexamethasone (X mgj: group 2. 2 1111 intravenous normal saline and 2 1111 mctoclopramidc l10 mg), and group 3.:2 ml intravenous dexamethasone (X mg) and 2 ml ructoclopramidc (10 mg). After 30 seconds. I ml diazepam (5 mg) was injected simultaneously into each of patients&apos; hand veins and a maximal visual analog scale (VAS) for pain of each venous discomfort was assessed separately. In group I. the mean of VAS for pain was significantly less in dexamethasone pretreatment than saline pretreatment. In group 2. the mean of VAS for pain was significantly less in mctoclopramidc pretreatment than saline pretreatment. In group 3, the mean of VAS for pain was significantly less in dexamethasone pretreatment than mctocloprauudc pretreatment. There were no significant differences in incidence of pain between pretreatment and placebo in three groups. Dexamethasone or mctoclopramidc pretreatments arc effective in reducing the severity of pain on injection of diazepam and dexamethasone pretreatment has greater efficacy in reducing the intensity of pain

The Comparison Of Total Intravenous Anesthesia (Propofol, Alfentanyl Plus Midazolam, Alfentanyl) With General Anesthesia In D&amp;C Patients

Background: Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) compared to general anesthesia has some pits and falls. Many drugs have been employed for this anesthesia. Propofol is accounted as the last advent anesthetic drug. It belongs to alkyl phenol families and has been accounted one of the best choices for the continuous infusion. Invention of midazolam as the first water soluble benzodiazepine was also an important event in anesthesia and it can be used as continuous infusion for the anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, alfentanyl plus propofol or midazolam were used for TIVA anesthesia in 60 female patients undergoing Dilatation and Curettage (D&amp;C) in Dr.Shariati hospital in March 2002 till March 2003. They were allocated reandomly in two group of alfentanyl plus propofol (propofol group) or alfentanyl plus midazolam (midazolam group) Results: There was no significant difference in mean of age between propofol group and midazolam group (P&gt;0.05), also There was no significant difference in preanesthesia condition such as blood pressure and heart rate between propofol group and midazolam group (p&gt;0.05). After induction of anesthesia there was a gross blood pressure decrease in both group that it was greater in midazolam group (85 mmHg versus 73 mmHg, P0.05) also there was just one naloxane injection in midazolam group that have no significant difference between groups (P&gt;0.05). Recovery room stay was significantly lower in propofol group (25 minutes versus 39 minutes, P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study was similar to Vuyk et.al.In their study there was a significant lower recovery time estimated by psychomotor reflexes and there was significant lower drowsiness, place and time orientation time compared to midazolam group. Finally according to the results of this study it can be resulted that TIVA with propofol is more suitable than midazolam and it can lower hospitalization time and cost. In future studies using other narcotics and other narcotics-anesthetic compounds with various dose can be mentioned