Prevalence of middle mesial canals and Isthmi in mandibular molars in a subpopulation of Andhra Pradesh: An in vivo investigation using CBCT.

Background: Pulp and root canal space is enigmatic and highly complex. Encountering rare has become a norm with the advancements in the technology of materials and types of equipment. The success of the root canal treatment depends on the effective removal of bacteria from the whole pulp space. A high percentage of the missed canal is reported for the failure of Endodontic therapy. Mandibular molars have complex root canal anatomy. Two roots with two canals in mesial root and one to two canals in distal root is a common occurrence.    Nevertheless, the incidence of variation is relatively high, including separate distolingual, mesiobuccal, C-Shaped canals, isthmus, and additional canal in the mesial root. A wide range of the middle mesial canal occurrence, i.e., 3.1 to 46.1%, is reported in the world and 28.3% in North India. Aim: To identify the prevalence of the true middle mesial canal (MM) and configuration of Isthmi in the mesial root of the mandibular molar in the AP   subpopulation of South India.   Materials and methods: CBCT of 89 patients were randomly selected from the institutional database. Data entry was performed in Excel, and data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Four images (4.5%) revealed Middle Mesial canals with no statically significant occurrence. The frequency of isthmi in the mesial roots was 52.7%.  This showed a considerable presence. Conclusion: MM canals are 4.5% in a subpopulation of Andhra Pradesh. Isthmuses are very common in the mesial roots of permanent mandibular molars. Isthmus about 58% was seen with Type II configuration that is the presence of two canals without a definite communication

Infantile systemic hyalinosis: A case report

Infantile systemic hyalinosis (ISH) is a rare, progressive, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by connective tissue involvementas hyaline deposition in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, muscles, glands, and other organs. We report a child with this rare conditionpresenting with growth retardation, joint contractures, and intractable diarrhea. Though genetically analyzed, ISH still remains as apoorly understood disease raising concerns during diagnosis and treatment

Qualitative Phytochemical analysis & determination of antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale

Numerous nations consume Zingiber officinale on a daily basis. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a popular tropical & subtropical shrub medicinal plant. The current study sought to assess the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Z.officinale extract. Qualitative evaluation of phytochemical tests revealed the existence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids in ginger extracts in methanol and acetone, as well as the absence of carbohydrate, anthraquinones, and tannin in ginger extracts in methanol and acetone. The antimicrobial properties of Z.officinale extracts in solvents (aqueous, methanol) towards bacteria as well as fungus was investigated. When compared to other concentrations, the highest zone of inhibition was seen in 100µl concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Z.officinale towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, A.niger, and Penicillium sp. This study discovered that the plant possesses excellent metabolites, proving that it has medicinal properties and may be used in daily lif

ANALYSIS OF MULTI-TEMPORAL SATELLITE DATA FOR FOREST FIRE CHARACTERISATION OVER CENTRAL INDIAN REGION – A CLIMATE CHANGE PERSPECTIVE

Globally, forest fires are considered as one of the major drivers of climate change, altering the terrestrial ecosystems and radiation balance of the earth-atmospheric system through high carbon emissions, emissions of trace gases, aerosols and black carbon into the atmosphere (Balch et al. 2010). The current study presents the impact of air temperature variation on forest fire occurrences in Central Indian region during 2003–2010. The decadal (2001–2010) fire events in Central India were analysed in relation to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) and interpolated air temperature data from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) to characterise the regional impact of climate on fire occurrences. The study shows the exponential relation of fire with LST and rise in air temperature. There exists an inverse relation between spatial patterns of fire and EVI, which represents the intra-annual variability in fire incidences during the summer season in Central Indian region. Majority of the fire incidences are recoded in the March month of every year with highest rank in the year 2009. The linear regression relation of forest fire density and decadal mean temperature has been applied to simulate the probable fire vulnerable zones for the 2020s decade using projected temperature spatial layer from IPCC HaDCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3) data

Influence of cu addition on the wear behavior of a eutectic Al–12.6Si alloy developed by the spray forming method

first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Influence of Cu Addition on the Wear Behavior of a Eutectic Al–12.6Si Alloy Developed by the Spray Forming Method by Dayanand M. Goudar 1,Julfikar Haider 2ORCID,K. Raju 3,Rajashekar V. Kurahatti 4 andDeesy G. Pinto 5,6,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tontadarya College of Engineering, Gadag 582101, India 2 Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15GD, UK 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph Engineering College, Mangaluru 575028, India 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot 587101, India 5 Department of Civil Engineering and Geology, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal 6 CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030088 Submission received: 19 January 2024 / Revised: 9 February 2024 / Accepted: 23 February 2024 / Published: 27 February 2024 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites, Volume II) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract In the present study, the influence of the addition of copper (Cu) on the wear behavior of a Al-12.6Si eutectic alloy developed using the spray forming (SF) method was discussed, and the results were compared with those of as-cast (AC) alloys. The microstructural features of the alloys were examined using both optical and the scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical composition and phase identification were achieved by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results revealed that the microstructure of binary the SF alloy consisted of fine primary and eutectic Si phases, evenly distributed in the equiaxed α-Al matrix, whereas the Cu-based SF ternary alloy consisted of uniformly distributed fine eutectic Si particulates and spherical-shaped θ-Al2Cu precipitates, uniformly distributed in α-Al matrix. In contrast, the AC ternary (Al-12.6Si-2Cu) alloy consisted of unevenly dispersed eutectic Si needles and the coarse intermetallic compound θ-Al2Cu in the α-Al matrix. The addition of Cu enhanced the micro hardness of the SF ternary alloy by 8, 34, and 41% compared to that of the SF binary, AC ternary, and binary alloys, respectively. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine at different loads (10–40 N) and sliding velocities (1–3 ms−1). The wear tests revealed that SF alloys exhibited an improved wear behavior in the entire applied load and sliding velocity range in comparison to that of the AC alloys. At a load of 40 N and a sliding velocity of 1 ms−1, the wear rate of the SF2 alloy is 62, 47, and 23% lower than that of the AC1, AC2, and SF1 alloys, respectively. Similarly, at a sliding velocity of 3 ms−1, the wear rate of the SF2 alloy is 52%, 42%, and 21% lower than that of the AC1, AC2, and SF1 alloys, respectively. The low wear rate in the SF2 alloy was due to the microstructural modification during spray forming, the precipitation of fine Al2Cu intermetallic compounds, and increased solid solubility. The SF alloys show an increased transition from oxidative to abrasive wear, while the AC alloys demonstrate wear mechanisms that change from oxidative to abrasive, including delamination, with an increase in sliding velocity and load

Contribution of Nutrients through Critical Irrigation from Diverse Water Sources in Selected Watersheds of Semi-arid Tropical India

Critical irrigation is one of the most important management options to protect the crop during weather aberrations like dry spells at critical stages of the crop growth in semi arid condition. Various water harvesting structures are useful in watershed areas to cope up with mid-season droughts. These structures provide critical irrigations at sensitive crop growth stages by which they supply essential nutrients to some extent. We estimated the contribution of various sources of water in terms of plant nutrients and to what extent critical irrigations meet nutrient requirements of various crops. By giving 4 cm irrigation, the maximum major nutrient (kg ha-1) addition in the studied watersheds is of the following order NO3 (5.2, Kothapalli); SO4 (15.2, Kolar); Na (72.0, Haveri); K (3.6, Govardhanapura); Ca (38.5, Semli and Shyamapura); Mg (20.5, Kothapalli) and for micronutrients (g ha-1) Fe (109, Kolar); Zn (40, Kothapalli); Mn (90, Kolar); Cu (120, ICRISAT) and B (190, ICRISAT). Percentage of recommended dose of nutrients which can be met by three irrigations in cereal crops (5- 10, 15-100, 10-20% in N,S,K respectively); legumes (5-30,10-100, 5-10% of N,S,K respectively); cotton (10-15, 25-30, 5-10% of N,S,K, respectively) and micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and B to the full extent. With the number of critical irrigations increased, application of secondary and micro nutrients should be avoided which otherwise leads to higher cost of alleviation and environmental pollution

Relative influence of shredders and fungi on leaf litter decomposition along a river altitudinal gradient

We compared autumn decomposition rates of European alder leaves at four sites along the Lasset–Hers River system, southern France, to test whether changes in litter decomposition rates from upstream (1,300 m elevation) to downstream (690 m) could be attributed to temperature-driven differences in microbial growth, shredder activity, or composition of the shredder community. Alder leaves lost 75–87% of original mass in 57 days, of which 46–67% could be attributed to microbial metabolism and 8–29% to shredder activity, with no trend along the river. Mass loss rates in both fine-mesh (excluding shredders) and coarse-mesh (including shredders) bags were faster at warm, downstream sites (mean daily temperature 7–8°C) than upstream (mean 1–2°C), but the differ- ence disappeared when rates were expressed in heat units to remove the temperature effect. Mycelial biomass did not correlate with mass loss rates. Faster mass loss rates upstream, after temperature correction, evidently arise from more efficient shredding by Nemourid stoneflies than by the Leuctra-dominated assemblage downstream. The influence of water temperature on decomposition rate is therefore expressed both directly, through microbial metabolism, and indirectly, through the structure of shredder commu- nities. These influences are evident even in cold water where temperature variation is small

Evolution and Optimality of Similar Neural Mechanisms for Perception and Action during Search

A prevailing theory proposes that the brain's two visual pathways, the ventral and dorsal, lead to differing visual processing and world representations for conscious perception than those for action. Others have claimed that perception and action share much of their visual processing. But which of these two neural architectures is favored by evolution? Successful visual search is life-critical and here we investigate the evolution and optimality of neural mechanisms mediating perception and eye movement actions for visual search in natural images. We implement an approximation to the ideal Bayesian searcher with two separate processing streams, one controlling the eye movements and the other stream determining the perceptual search decisions. We virtually evolved the neural mechanisms of the searchers' two separate pathways built from linear combinations of primary visual cortex receptive fields (V1) by making the simulated individuals' probability of survival depend on the perceptual accuracy finding targets in cluttered backgrounds. We find that for a variety of targets, backgrounds, and dependence of target detectability on retinal eccentricity, the mechanisms of the searchers' two processing streams converge to similar representations showing that mismatches in the mechanisms for perception and eye movements lead to suboptimal search. Three exceptions which resulted in partial or no convergence were a case of an organism for which the targets are equally detectable across the retina, an organism with sufficient time to foveate all possible target locations, and a strict two-pathway model with no interconnections and differential pre-filtering based on parvocellular and magnocellular lateral geniculate cell properties. Thus, similar neural mechanisms for perception and eye movement actions during search are optimal and should be expected from the effects of natural selection on an organism with limited time to search for food that is not equi-detectable across its retina and interconnected perception and action neural pathways

Duodeno-pancreatic and extrahepatic biliary tree trauma: WSES-AAST guidelines

Duodeno-pancreatic and extrahepatic biliary tree injuries are rare in both adult and pediatric trauma patients, and due to their anatomical location, associated injuries are very common. Mortality is primarily related to associated injuries, but morbidity remains high even in isolated injuries. Optimal management of duodeno-bilio-pancreatic injuries is dictated primarily by hemodynamic stability, clinical presentation, and grade of injury. Endoscopic and percutaneous interventions have increased the ability to non-operatively manage these injuries. Late diagnosis and treatment are both associated to increased morbidity and mortality. Sequelae of late presentations of pancreatic injury and complications of severe pancreatic trauma are also increasingly addressed endoscopically and with interventional radiology procedures. However, for moderate and severe extrahepatic biliary and severe duodeno-pancreatic injuries, immediate operative intervention is preferred as associated injuries are frequent and commonly present with hemodynamic instability or peritonitis. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) duodenal, pancreatic, and extrahepatic biliary tree trauma management guidelines