Europejskie wystawy Mieszkaniowe

В статье рассмотрена тематика европейских выставок жилой архитектуры ХХ века, дающих представление об эволюции понятия «комфорт жилой среды». Первой и наиболее известной была Международная выставка «Современное жилье», посвященная проблеме создания доступного, функционального жилья. Выставка была организована в 1927 году в жилом районе Вайсенгоф Штутгарта немецкой организацией Веркбунд. Выставка представляла со-бой группу домов из 19 односемейных и двух многоквартирных. Для участия были приглашены такие архитекторы, как Ле Корбюзье, Оуд, Гропиус, Радинг, Шарон. Разработка генплана поселка и общее архитектурное руководство были поручены Мис ван дер Роэ. Организаторы выставки ставили целью показать, что жилье может быть функциональным, эластичным, отвечающим требованиям гигиены и, одновременно, доступным для широких слоев населения. В 80-е годы прошлого века ведущей темой стала идея возрождения жилой среды города через возврат к формированию традиционной городской ткани. Международная строительная выставка в Берлине (1979–87 гг) проходила под девизом «Центр города – место для жизни». Целью выставки была застройка свободных территорий в центре Берлина и поиски оптимальной формулы ревитализации городских районов для их обновления при активном участии населения. Современный этап – стремление реализовать идею устойчивого развития жилой среды. Так, Европейская выставка 2001 года носила название «Город завтра» или «Эко-город» , проходила в г. Мальме и демонстрировала пути создания экологически чистых жилых районов. Промышленные и портовые районы этого города были переоборудованы в жилые районы с использованием возобновляемых источников энергии и возведением энергоэкономических зданий

Relativistic shape invariant potentials

Dirac equation for a charged spinor in electromagnetic field is written for special cases of spherically symmetric potentials. This facilitates the introduction of relativistic extensions of shape invariant potential classes. We obtain the relativistic spectra and spinor wavefunctions for all potentials in one of these classes. The nonrelativistic limit reproduces the usual Rosen-Morse I & II, Eckart, Poschl-Teller, and Scarf potentials.Comment: Corrigendum: The last statement above equation (1) is now corrected and replaced by two new statement

Zipf's law in Multifragmentation

We discuss the meaning of Zipf's law in nuclear multifragmentation. We remark that Zipf's law is a consequence of a power law fragment size distribution with exponent $\tau \simeq 2$. We also recall why the presence of such distribution is not a reliable signal of a liquid-gas phase transition

Beyond Beer's Law: Why the Index of Refraction Depends (Almost) Linearly on Concentration

Beer's empiric law states that absorbance is linearly proportional to the concentration. Based on electromagnetic theory, an approximately linear dependence can only be confirmed for comparably weak oscillators. For stronger oscillators the proportionality constant, the molar attenuation coefficient, is modulated by the inverse index of refraction, which is itself a function of concentration. For comparably weak oscillators, the index of refraction function depends, like absorbance, linearly on concentration. For stronger oscillators, this linearity is lost, except at wavenumbers considerably lower than the oscillator position. In these transparency regions, linearity between the change of the index of refraction and concentration is preserved to a high degree. This can be shown with help of the Kramers–Kronig relations which connect the integrated absorbance to the index of refraction change at lower wavenumbers than the corresponding band. This finding builds the foundation not only for refractive index sensing, but also for new interferometric approaches in IR spectroscopy, which allow measuring the complex index of refraction function. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

Ballistic deposition patterns beneath a growing KPZ interface

We consider a (1+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition process with next-nearest neighbor interaction, which belongs to the KPZ universality class, and introduce for this discrete model a variational formulation similar to that for the randomly forced continuous Burgers equation. This allows to identify the characteristic structures in the bulk of a growing aggregate ("clusters" and "crevices") with minimizers and shocks in the Burgers turbulence, and to introduce a new kind of equipped Airy process for ballistic growth. We dub it the "hairy Airy process" and investigate its statistics numerically. We also identify scaling laws that characterize the ballistic deposition patterns in the bulk: the law of "thinning" of the forest of clusters with increasing height, the law of transversal fluctuations of cluster boundaries, and the size distribution of clusters. The corresponding critical exponents are determined exactly based on the analogy with the Burgers turbulence and simple scaling considerations.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Minor edits: typo corrected, added explanation of two acronyms. The text is essentially equivalent to version

A search on Dirac equation

The solutions, in terms of orthogonal polynomials, of Dirac equation with analytically solvable potentials are investigated within a novel formalism by transforming the relativistic equation into a Schrodinger like one. Earlier results are discussed in a unified framework and certain solutions of a large class of potentials are given.Comment: 9 page

Satellite potentials for hypergeometric Natanzon potentials

As a result of the so(2,1) of the hypergeometric Natanzon potential a set of potentials related to the given one is determined. The set arises as a result of the action of the so(2,1) generators.Comment: 9 page

Dynamical formation and interaction of bright solitary waves and solitons in the collapse of Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive interactions

We model the dynamics of formation of multiple, long-lived, bright solitary waves in the collapse of Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive interactions as studied in the experiment of Cornish et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 170401]. Using both mean-field and quantum field simulation techniques, we find that while a number of separated wave packets form as observed in the experiment, they do not have a repulsive \pi phase difference that has been previously inferred. We observe that the inclusion of quantum fluctuations causes soliton dynamics to be predominantly repulsive in one dimensional simulations independent of their initial relative phase. However, indicative three-dimensional simulations do not support this conclusion and in fact show that quantum noise has a negative impact on bright solitary wave lifetimes. Finally, we show that condensate oscillations, after the collapse, may serve to deduce three-body recombination rates, and that the remnant atom number may still exceed the critical number for collapse for as long as three seconds independent of the relative phases of the bright solitary waves.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure

Assessment of prognostic significance of cytoplasmic survivin expression in advanced oesophageal cancer.

Survivin is a member of the family of proteins, which inhibit apoptosis (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins - IAP). Expression of survivin was found in colorectal cancer, neuroblastoma, bladder cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer. There is some recent data indicating the correlation of poor prognosis and worse response to chemotherapy in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) expressing survivin. The aim of the present study was to assess survivin expression in cancerous tissue of patients with advanced OSCC and to test the potential correlation between survivin expression and clinicopathological data. Forty two patients (mean age 58.36+/-8.97 yrs), who were oesophagectomised due to squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus between 1998 and 2000, were retrospectively analysed. Cytoplasmic survivin expression, examined immunohistochemically, was found in 35 (83.33%) cases. No statistically significant correlation between survivin expression in the tumour and patients' gender, TNM stage, or vascular involvement was noted. The mean survival of patients with cytoplasmic survivin expression (17.81+/-5.51 months) was not statistically different to those with negative survivin staining (16+/-6.28 months) as assessed by Mantel-Cox test (p=0.49). Univariate regression analysis revealed UICC staging as the only predictor of survival in the analysed group (

Purification and properties of soluble arylsulphatases isolated from hepatopancreas of the shrimp Crangon crangon L.

Arylsulphatase A and B were isolated from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Crangon crangon L. after 7 days incubation in 50 ppm of detergent "SOLO". Arylsulphatase A, B-1 and B-2 were isolated from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp C. crangon L. incubated in pure brackish water (salinity 7‰). - Heavy and light fuel oil added to the enzyme in vitro in conc. of 2.0% inhibit the activity of arylsulphatase A in greater degree than arylsulphatase B (14.4% and 5.5% respectively). - Detergent "SOLO" (mixture of nonionic and anionic detergents) in the conc. of 0.5% inhibits for 58% arylsulphatase A and for 91% arylsulphatase B, whereas in conc. of 2.0% it inhibits arylsulphatase A for 91.7% and arylsulphatase B for 100%