Notes sur les Plozévétiens émigrés dans la région parisienne

Gessain M., Crépy (de) G. Notes sur les Plozévétiens émigrés dans la région parisienne. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XII° Série. Tome 5 fascicule 1-4, 1969. pp. 269-273

Stratégies de lutte contre la disette au Sénégal oriental

Abstract In 1983, there was a severe drought (752 mm) in eastern Senegal. Whereas all farmers responded to the consequent dearth by practising intensive gathering — an activity that had been gradually abandoned — and even fishing resumed importance, their other responses, since these «wild» foods could not make up for crop shortages, varied depending on the ethnic group : some sold cattle, others borrowed money or else tried to earn some by looking for work in towns during the dry season: or by working in the fields of other farmers during the rainy season. One group intensified its gold-seeking activities, which used to be limited to old women. Aid sent by immigrants to their families in the villages also counted as a function of the ethnic group. Although rainfall has since then risen to more than 1 000 mm, aftereffects of the drought still remainRésumé L'année 1983 a été marquée au Sénégal oriental par une sécheresse prononcée (752 mm) qui a abouti à une disette sévère. Pour pallier cette pénurie, les agriculteurs ont utilisé des stratégies différentes selon les groupes ethniques. Tous ont pratiqué une cueillette intensive, qui avait été peu à peu abandonnée. La pêche reprit aussi de l'importance. Par ailleurs, ces nourritures «sauvages» ne suffisant pas pour compléter les récoltes déficitaires les agriculteurs ont suivant les groupes étudiés : vendu leur bétail, emprunté de l'argent, essayé d'en gagner en cherchant du travail en ville en saison sèche ou en travaillant dans les champs des autres en saison des pluies. Une des populations a beaucoup intensifié sa pratique de l'orpaillage traditionnellement limitée aux vieilles femmes. Enfin des aides gratuites, envoyées entre autres par les immigrés à leur famille restée au village, ont joué un rôle plus ou moins important suivant les groupes étudiés. Si la pluviométrie est remontée depuis au-dessus de 1 000 mm bien des séquelles de la disette subsistent encore aujourd'hui.de Lestrange Marie-Thérèse, Gessain Monique, Fouchier Danielle, Crépy-Montal G. Stratégies de lutte contre la disette au Sénégal oriental. In: Journal des africanistes, 1986, tome 56, fascicule 1. pp. 35-50

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and major allergens in France: temporal trends for the period 2001-2010

International audienc

The M4 adaptive unit for the E-ELT

Cilas proposes a M4 adaptive mirror (M4AM) that corrects the atmospheric turbulence at high frequencies and residual tip-tilt and defocus due to telescope vibrations by using piezostack actuators. The design presents a matrix of nearly 7000 actuators (hexagonal geometry, spacing equal to 29 mm) leading to a fitting error simulated by Onera reaching the fitting error goal. The mirror is held by a positioning system which ensures all movements of the mirror at low frequency and selects the focus (Nasmyth A or B) using a hexapod concept. This subsystem is fixed rigidly to the mounting system and permits mirror displacements. The M4 control system (M4CS) ensures the connection between the telescope control/monitoring system and the M4 unit - positioning system (M4PS) and piezostack actuators in particular. This subsystem is composed of electronic boards, mechanical support fixed to the mounting structure and the thermal hardware. With piezostack actuators, most of the thermal load is minimized and dissipated in the electronic boards and not in the adaptive mirror. The mounting structure (M4MS) is the mechanical interface with the telescope (and the ARU in particular) and ensures the integrity and stability of M4 unit subsystems. M4 positioning system and mounting structure are subcontracted to Amos company. We will also report on the manufacturing of the demonstration prototype that will be tested in the next phase. Keywords: Adaptive optic, Adaptive unit, E-ELT, hexapod, mirror, PZT actuato

The M4 adaptive unit for the E-ELT

International audienceCilas proposes a M4 adaptive mirror (M4AM) that corrects the atmospheric turbulence at high frequencies and residual tip-tilt and defocus due to telescope vibrations by using piezostack actuators. The design presents a matrix of nearly 7000 actuators (hexagonal geometry, spacing equal to 29 mm) leading to a fitting error simulated by Onera reaching the fitting error goal. The mirror is held by a positioning system which ensures all movements of the mirror at low frequency and selects the focus (Nasmyth A or B) using a hexapod concept. This subsystem is fixed rigidly to the mounting system and permits mirror displacements. The M4 control system (M4CS) ensures the connection between the telescope control/monitoring system and the M4 unit - positioning system (M4PS) and piezostack actuators in particular. This subsystem is composed of electronic boards, mechanical support fixed to the mounting structure and the thermal hardware. With piezostack actuators, most of the thermal load is minimized and dissipated in the electronic boards and not in the adaptive mirror. The mounting structure (M4MS) is the mechanical interface with the telescope (and the ARU in particular) and ensures the integrity and stability of M4 unit subsystems. M4 positioning system and mounting structure are subcontracted to Amos company. We will also report on the manufacturing of the demonstration prototype that will be tested in the next phase