Timing of singleton births by onset of labour and mode of birth in NHS maternity units in England, 2005-2014: A study of linked birth registration, birth notification, and hospital episode data

BACKGROUND: Maternity care has to be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. It is known that obstetric intervention can influence the time of birth, but no previous analysis at a national level in England has yet investigated in detail the ways in which the day and time of birth varies by onset of labour and mode of giving birth. METHOD: We linked data from birth registration, birth notification, and Maternity Hospital Episode Statistics and analysed 5,093,615 singleton births in NHS maternity units in England from 2005 to 2014. We used descriptive statistics and negative binomial regression models with harmonic terms to establish how patterns of timing of birth vary by onset of labour, mode of giving birth and gestational age. RESULTS: The timing of birth by time of day and day of the week varies considerably by onset of labour and mode of birth. Spontaneous births after spontaneous onset are more likely to occur between midnight and 6am than at other times of day, and are also slightly more likely on weekdays than at weekends and on public holidays. Elective caesarean births are concentrated onto weekday mornings. Births after induced labours are more likely to occur at hours around midnight on Tuesdays to Saturdays and on days before a public holiday period, than on Sundays, Mondays and during or just after a public holiday. CONCLUSION: The timing of births varies by onset of labour and mode of birth and these patterns have implications for midwifery and medical staffing. Further research is needed to understand the processes behind these findings

Microstructural analysis of the truffle (ascocarp/soil). Interface during development

International audienc

La baisse de la fécondité s'est interrompue en 1971

Hémery Solange, Calot Gérard. La baisse de la fécondité s'est interrompue en 1971. In: Economie et statistique, n°30, Janvier 1972. pp. 48-51

Expected Present and Final Value of an Annuity when some Non-Central Moments of the Capitalization Factor are Unknown: Theory and an Application using R

The aim of this paper is the development of three approaches for obtaining the value of an n-payment annuity, with payments of 1 unit each, when the interest rate is random. To calculate the value of these annuities, we are going to assume that only some non-central moments of the capitalization factor are known. The first technique consists in using a tetraparametric function which depends on the arctangent function. The second expression is derived from the so-called quadratic discounting whereas the third approach is based on the approximation of the mathematical expectation of the ratio of two random variables by Mood et al. (1974). A comparison of these methodologies through an application, using the R statistical software, shows that all of them lead to different results

Multidistances and Dispersion Measures

Producción CientíficaIn this paper, we provide a formal notion of absolute dispersion measure that is satisfied by some classical dispersion measures used in Statistics, such as the range, the variance, the mean deviation and the standard deviation, among others, and also by the absolute Gini index, used in Welfare Economics for measuring inequality. The notion of absolute dispersion measure shares some properties with the notion of multidistance introduced and analyzed by Mart´ın and Mayor in several recent papers. We compare absolute dispersion measures and multidistances and we establish that these two notions are compatible by showing some functions that are simultaneously absolute dispersion measures and multidistances. We also establish that remainders obtained through the dual decomposition of exponential means, introduced by Garc´ıa-Lapresta and Marques Pereira, are absolute dispersion measures up to signMinisterio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (ECO2012-32178)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA066U13