Reflections on the order of work in Romania

Después de la caída del régimen comunista, la situación cambió dramáticamente en Rumania: el sistema de "economía real", basado en la propiedad colectiva que prohibía casi cualquier forma de propiedad privada, tuvo que ser reformado, transformándose en un sistema de economía de libre mercado. La reforma del sistema económico también “revisó” la organización del trabajo y las relaciones laborales. Las relaciones laborales han perdido su "estabilidad". El modelo de contrato de trabajo está recogido en la legislación vigente. Desde un punto de vista objetivo, el Código de Trabajo de Rumania regula la totalidad de las relaciones laborales individuales y colectivas, la forma en que se controla la aplicación del derecho laboral, así como la jurisdicción del trabajo; mientras que, desde un punto de vista subjetivo, examina el desempeño laboral de cualquier persona en Rumania (ciudadanos rumanos y extranjeros, y apátridas), así como, en cierta medida, el desempeño en el extranjero de los rumanos. Los derechos previstos en el convenio colectivo nacional deben considerarse como "derechos mínimos" para la "negociación" posterior de los convenios colectivos corporativos (obligatorio para las empresas con más de 20 empleados). En los casos en que los convenios colectivos no se firmen, el contrato nacional único se utilizará como referencia. Con respecto a la legislación laboral rumana, ciertamente menos protectora que la de sus socios de la Unión que pertenecen a la zona de países de Europa Occidental, y del bajo costo laboral practicado en Rumania, no hubo acusaciones de “dumping” social, que, como es bien conocido, favorece la deslocalización.After the fall of the communist regime, the situation changed dramatically in Romania: the “real socialism” system of the economy had to be reformed, based on collective property that prohibited almost all forms of private property, transforming it into a free market economy system . The reform of the economic system has also “revised” the organization of work and labor relations. The employment relationship has lost its “stability”. The model of the employment contract is foreseen by the legislation in force. From an objective point of view, the Romanian Labor Code regulates the totality of individual and collective labor relations, the way in which the application of labor law is controlled, as well as the jurisdiction of labor; while, from a subjective point of view, it examines the work performance of anyone in Romania (both Romanian and foreign citizens, and stateless persons), as well as, to a certain extent, that performed abroad by Romanians. The rights provided for in the national collective agreement are to be considered as “minimum rights” for the subsequent “negotiation” of corporate collective agreements (mandatory for companies with more than 20 employees). In cases where collective agreements are not signed, the single national contract will be used as a reference. With regard to the Romanian labor law, certainly less protective than that of the Union partners belonging to the area of the countries formerly of Western Europe, and of the low labor cost practiced in Romania, there were no accusations of dumping social, which, as is well known, favors delocalization.Dopo la caduta del regime comunista, la situazione è cambiata radicalmente in Romania: è stato superato il sistema del “socialismo reale” in economia, basato sulla proprietà collettiva, che vietava quasi tutte le forme della proprietà privata, trasformandolo in una economia di libero mercato. La riforma del sistema económico ha “ritoccato” anche l’organizzazione del lavoro e i rapporti lavorativi. Il rapporto di lavoro ha perso la sua “stabilità”. Allo stato attuale il modello del contratto di lavoro è previsto dalla legislazione in vigore anche se il datore di lavoro può adattare il contratto in funzione della particolare situazione lavorativa. Dal punto di vista oggettivo, il Codice del Lavoro romeno regola la totalità dei rapporti individuali e collettivi di lavoro, il modo con cui si controlla l’applicazione della normativa sul lavoro, nonché la giurisdizione del lavoro; mentre, dal punto di vista soggettivo, prende in esame la prestazione lavorativa da chiunque svolta in Romania (sia cittadini romeni, che stranieri, che apolidi), oltre che, entro una certa misura, quella svolta all’estero da romeni. I diritti previsti nel Contratto collettivo nazionale sono da considerarsi quali “diritti minimi” per la successiva “negoziazione” dei contratti collettivi aziendali (obbligatori per le società con più di 20 dipendenti). Nei casi in cui non vengano sottoscritti contratti collettivi di settore, viene utilizzato quale riferimento il Contratto unico nazionale. Nei confronti dell’ordinamento del lavoro rumeno, certamente meno protettivo di quello dei partners dell’Unione appartenenti all’area dei paesi un tempo dell’Europa Occidentale, e del basso costo del lavoro praticato in Romania, non sono mancate accuse di dumping sociale, che, com’è noto, favorisce la delocalizzazione.peerReviewe

Effectiveness of a pomegranate peel extract (PGE) in reducing Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and on fresh-cut pear, apple and melon

Pomegranate peel extract (PGE) is a new promising natural alternative control substance with large spectrum of activity against wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study, PGE was firstly investigated as natural antimicrobial against Listeria monocytogenes both in vitro and on fresh-cut fruits. The in vitro results showed quick and strong bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against five different strains which were almost completely inhibited by the extract. Furthermore, it significantly decreased growth rate and maximum growth of all tested strains. In vivo trials, confirmed a strong antibacterial activity of the extract that significantly reduced the bacterial load on fresh-cut apple, melon and pear and maintained the population at low levels throughout the storage period (7 days). PGE at 12 g/l reduced L. monocytogenes by 1.24, 1.89, and 0.91 log units soon after treatment and by 3.81, 1.53, and 2.99 log units, after 7 days of storage on apple, pear and melon, respectively. This high antibacterial activity could be mainly related to the high content of polyphenols (ellagitannins) in the extract. Overall, results of this study suggest a potential industrial application of PGE to reduce the growth of the pathogenic microorganisms in fresh-cut fruit and ensure a microbial safety in case of contamination.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of new trans 1-heteroaryl-2-(1-methylpyridinium-2-yl) ethylenes

n/

Reflections on the order of work in Romania

Después de la caída del régimen comunista, la situación cambió dramáticamente en Rumania: el sistema de "economía real", basado en la propiedad colectiva que prohibía casi cualquier forma de propiedad privada, tuvo que ser reformado, transformándose en un sistema de economía de libre mercado. La reforma del sistema económico también “revisó” la organización del trabajo y las relaciones laborales. Las relaciones laborales han perdido su "estabilidad". El modelo de contrato de trabajo está recogido en la legislación vigente. Desde un punto de vista objetivo, el Código de Trabajo de Rumania regula la totalidad de las relaciones laborales individuales y colectivas, la forma en que se controla la aplicación del derecho laboral, así como la jurisdicción del trabajo; mientras que, desde un punto de vista subjetivo, examina el desempeño laboral de cualquier persona en Rumania (ciudadanos rumanos y extranjeros, y apátridas), así como, en cierta medida, el desempeño en el extranjero de los rumanos. Los derechos previstos en el convenio colectivo nacional deben considerarse como "derechos mínimos" para la "negociación" posterior de los convenios colectivos corporativos (obligatorio para las empresas con más de 20 empleados). En los casos en que los convenios colectivos no se firmen, el contrato nacional único se utilizará como referencia. Con respecto a la legislación laboral rumana, ciertamente menos protectora que la de sus socios de la Unión que pertenecen a la zona de países de Europa Occidental, y del bajo costo laboral practicado en Rumania, no hubo acusaciones de “dumping” social, que, como es bien conocido, favorece la deslocalización.After the fall of the communist regime, the situation changed dramatically in Romania: the “real socialism” system of the economy had to be reformed, based on collective property that prohibited almost all forms of private property, transforming it into a free market economy system . The reform of the economic system has also “revised” the organization of work and labor relations. The employment relationship has lost its “stability”. The model of the employment contract is foreseen by the legislation in force. From an objective point of view, the Romanian Labor Code regulates the totality of individual and collective labor relations, the way in which the application of labor law is controlled, as well as the jurisdiction of labor; while, from a subjective point of view, it examines the work performance of anyone in Romania (both Romanian and foreign citizens, and stateless persons), as well as, to a certain extent, that performed abroad by Romanians. The rights provided for in the national collective agreement are to be considered as “minimum rights” for the subsequent “negotiation” of corporate collective agreements (mandatory for companies with more than 20 employees). In cases where collective agreements are not signed, the single national contract will be used as a reference. With regard to the Romanian labor law, certainly less protective than that of the Union partners belonging to the area of the countries formerly of Western Europe, and of the low labor cost practiced in Romania, there were no accusations of dumping social, which, as is well known, favors delocalization.Dopo la caduta del regime comunista, la situazione è cambiata radicalmente in Romania: è stato superato il sistema del “socialismo reale” in economia, basato sulla proprietà collettiva, che vietava quasi tutte le forme della proprietà privata, trasformandolo in una economia di libero mercato. La riforma del sistema económico ha “ritoccato” anche l’organizzazione del lavoro e i rapporti lavorativi. Il rapporto di lavoro ha perso la sua “stabilità”. Allo stato attuale il modello del contratto di lavoro è previsto dalla legislazione in vigore anche se il datore di lavoro può adattare il contratto in funzione della particolare situazione lavorativa. Dal punto di vista oggettivo, il Codice del Lavoro romeno regola la totalità dei rapporti individuali e collettivi di lavoro, il modo con cui si controlla l’applicazione della normativa sul lavoro, nonché la giurisdizione del lavoro; mentre, dal punto di vista soggettivo, prende in esame la prestazione lavorativa da chiunque svolta in Romania (sia cittadini romeni, che stranieri, che apolidi), oltre che, entro una certa misura, quella svolta all’estero da romeni. I diritti previsti nel Contratto collettivo nazionale sono da considerarsi quali “diritti minimi” per la successiva “negoziazione” dei contratti collettivi aziendali (obbligatori per le società con più di 20 dipendenti). Nei casi in cui non vengano sottoscritti contratti collettivi di settore, viene utilizzato quale riferimento il Contratto unico nazionale. Nei confronti dell’ordinamento del lavoro rumeno, certamente meno protettivo di quello dei partners dell’Unione appartenenti all’area dei paesi un tempo dell’Europa Occidentale, e del basso costo del lavoro praticato in Romania, non sono mancate accuse di dumping sociale, che, com’è noto, favorisce la delocalizzazione.peerReviewe

Characterization of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-butyleneadipate) copolymers obtained from their homopolymers by microwave-assisted transesterification

Copolymers containing(R)-3-hydroxybutyricacid (HB), 1,4-butanediol (B), andadipicacid (A) were synthesized by microwave-assisted transesterification o fbiodegradable poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(1,4-butyleneadipate) (PBA) in solution at different reaction times, composition of the starting mixture, and amount of 4-toluene sulfonic acid, used as a catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized with regard to their molecular weights, thermal properties, molar composition, and average blockl ength of repeating units by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, respectively. Random and microblock copolymers could be obtained depending on experimental conditions, with weight average molecular weight of up to 17,000. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all samples lay in the range between the Tgs of PBA and PHB, while their structure varied from partially crystalline to totally amorphous. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI- TOF) mass spectra of copolymers allowed us to ascertain that they were hydroxyl and carboxyl chain-end terminated

Effect of sulphuring on physicochemical characteristics and aroma of dried Alkaya apricot: A new Turkish variety

Sulphured and unsulphured sun-dried apricots of Alkaya, a new variety of Prunus armeniaca L. grown in the Malatya region of Turkey, were compared to study the effects of sulphur treatment on their physicochemical characteristics and aroma compounds. Colour, texture, moisture, pH, total soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural contents were determined. Aroma compounds were quantified and identified by GC-MS-FID. Sulphuring treatment before sun-drying had significant effects on some physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, total acids, and colour parameters) and aroma compounds of Alkaya apricots. Colour parameters showed that browning was higher in the unsulphured apricots than in the sulphured ones. A total of 45 aroma compounds were identified. Sulphuring treatment significantly affected the aroma compound profile of the dried apricots. In general, the levels of aroma compounds in sulphured apricots were found to be significantly lower than those in the unsulphured ones (P < 0.05). Pyrazines were detected only in the unsulphured apricots. The significantly higher level of norisoprenoids, lactones, esters, pyrazines, and furfural in the unsulphured dried apricots was attributed to degradation of carotenoids, oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, thermal degradation, and Maillard reaction. © TÜBİTAK