Estructura y composición de la población antigua de la Quebrada de Humahuaca : Análisis exploratorio

La Quebrada de Humahuaca representó una importante vía de poblamiento que mantuvo en el tiempo niveles variables de interacción con otras subáreas del Noroeste Argentino y de regiones vecinas. Constituye, entonces un problema relevante el conocimiento de la estructura de la población y la identificación de sus principales componentes. La información actualmente disponible en el Museo Etnográfico "Juan B. Ambrosetti", corresponde a una docena de sitios excavados por distintos investigadores desde principio de siglo que cubren el registro desde el Período Agroalfarero Medio al Hispánico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es la descripción de algunas propiedades biológicas de la población sobre la base de la información métrica y no métrica recuperada en los citados materiales. Mediante técnicas de análisis univariado se estudia la distribución de atributos y mediciones registrados en el cráneo entre localidades. Los principales resultados indican que los tipos de deformación tabular erecto y oblicuo se presentan en proporciones diferentes en los distintos sitios, en cambio el sexo permanece invariante. Se ha observado la variación significativa de unos pocos atributos menores con respecto al sexo y a la edad. Las variables métricas expresan una notable variación entre localidades. Se discuten estos resultados identificando y ponderando a priori dos fuentes de influencia más probables como la variación geográfica y la acción de la deformación artificial.The Quebrada de Humahuaca represented a significant road for the settlement kept in the course of time, variable levels of interaction with other sub-areas of northeastern Argentina and surrounding regions. Knowledge of the population structure and Identification of its main components is regarded as relevant. Information, at present available in the ethnographic museum "Juan B. Ambrosetti", correspond to a dozen sites excavated by different researchers from the beginning of the century, ranging from the middle agrícultural period to the Hispanic. The aim of the present work is describing same biological properties of the population from the metric and non-metric information taken in the above mentioned materials. Distribution of attributes and measurements taken from the skull were studied by the techniques of univariate analysis among sites. The main results indícate that erect tabular and obligue deformation types are presented in different proponían in various sites, whereas sex remains invariable. A significant variation of a few lower attributes is observed with respect to sex and age. Metric variables show a considerable variation among sites. These results are discussed by identification and a priori evaluation of the two most probable sources of influence like geographic variation and the effect of artificial deformation.Sociedad Argentina de Antropologí

Estructura y composición de la población antigua de la Quebrada de Humahuaca : Análisis exploratorio

La Quebrada de Humahuaca representó una importante vía de poblamiento que mantuvo en el tiempo niveles variables de interacción con otras subáreas del Noroeste Argentino y de regiones vecinas. Constituye, entonces un problema relevante el conocimiento de la estructura de la población y la identificación de sus principales componentes. La información actualmente disponible en el Museo Etnográfico "Juan B. Ambrosetti", corresponde a una docena de sitios excavados por distintos investigadores desde principio de siglo que cubren el registro desde el Período Agroalfarero Medio al Hispánico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es la descripción de algunas propiedades biológicas de la población sobre la base de la información métrica y no métrica recuperada en los citados materiales. Mediante técnicas de análisis univariado se estudia la distribución de atributos y mediciones registrados en el cráneo entre localidades. Los principales resultados indican que los tipos de deformación tabular erecto y oblicuo se presentan en proporciones diferentes en los distintos sitios, en cambio el sexo permanece invariante. Se ha observado la variación significativa de unos pocos atributos menores con respecto al sexo y a la edad. Las variables métricas expresan una notable variación entre localidades. Se discuten estos resultados identificando y ponderando a priori dos fuentes de influencia más probables como la variación geográfica y la acción de la deformación artificial.The Quebrada de Humahuaca represented a significant road for the settlement kept in the course of time, variable levels of interaction with other sub-areas of northeastern Argentina and surrounding regions. Knowledge of the population structure and Identification of its main components is regarded as relevant. Information, at present available in the ethnographic museum "Juan B. Ambrosetti", correspond to a dozen sites excavated by different researchers from the beginning of the century, ranging from the middle agrícultural period to the Hispanic. The aim of the present work is describing same biological properties of the population from the metric and non-metric information taken in the above mentioned materials. Distribution of attributes and measurements taken from the skull were studied by the techniques of univariate analysis among sites. The main results indícate that erect tabular and obligue deformation types are presented in different proponían in various sites, whereas sex remains invariable. A significant variation of a few lower attributes is observed with respect to sex and age. Metric variables show a considerable variation among sites. These results are discussed by identification and a priori evaluation of the two most probable sources of influence like geographic variation and the effect of artificial deformation.Sociedad Argentina de Antropologí

Stressors agents in workplace and sugestions to soften its: opinions of the post graduation's nurses

A sobrecarga de trabalho, relacionamento e comunicação, características da Instituição e poluição ambiental foram os agentes estressores organizacionais mais citados neste estudo composto por 30 enfermeiras, sendo que a melhoria no planejamento do trabalho, o aspecto de humanização, adequação dos recursos humanos, melhora na comunicação e educação continuada, dentre outras, foram as sugestões identificadas para melhorar estes agentes estressores. Como agentes estressores extra organizacionais, os mais citados foram problemas econômicos e familiares e distância do trabalho / transporte.The work overload, relationship and comunication problems, institution's characteristics and ambiental pollution were the stressing organization agents with the greatest pontuation in this study composed by 30 nurses. The work planning, work humanization, suitable human resourses, improving comunication and continued education were the suggestions given by nurses to minimize these stressing organizational agents. Analysing the stressing extra organizational agents, economic and familiar problems, work distance and transportation to work , were the most pointed

Yeast biodiversity in vineyard environments is increased by human intervention

One hundred and five grape samples were collected during two consecutive years from 33 locations on seven oceanic islands of the Azores Archipelago. Grape samples were obtained from vineyards that were either abandoned or under regular cultivation involving common viticultural interventions, to evaluate the impact of regular human intervention on grape yeast biota diversity in vineyards. A total of 3150 yeast isolates were obtained and 23 yeast species were identified. The predominant species were Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia terricola, Starmerella bacillaris and Issatchenkia hanoiensis. The species Barnettozyma californica, Candida azymoides and Pichia cecembensis were reported in grapes or wine-associated environments for the first time. A higher biodiversity was found in active vineyards where regular human intervention takes place (Shannon index: 1.89 and 1.53 in the first and second years, respectively) when compared to the abandoned ones (Shannon index: 0.76 and 0.31). This finding goes against the assumptions that human intervention can destroy biodiversity and lead to homogeneity in the environment. Biodiversity indices were considerably lower in the year with the heaviest rainfall. This study is the first to report on the grape yeast communities from several abandoned vineyards that have undergone no human intervention.Joao Drumonde Neves is the recipient of a fellowship of the Azorean Government (M321/006/F/2008) and PROEMPREGO. This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI), and by national funds through FCT by the projects FCOMP-01-0124-008775, PTDC/AGR-ALI/103392/2008 and PTDC/AGR-ALI/121062/2010.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Interaction of TGFβ and BMP Signaling Pathways during Chondrogenesis

TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways exhibit antagonistic activities during the development of many tissues. Although the crosstalk between BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways is well established in bone development, the relationship between these two pathways is less well defined during cartilage development and postnatal homeostasis. We generated hypomorphic mouse models of cartilage-specific loss of BMP and TGFβ signaling to assess the interaction of these pathways in postnatal growth plate homeostasis. We further used the chondrogenic ATDC5 cell line to test effects of BMP and TGFβ signaling on each other's downstream targets. We found that conditional deletion of Smad1 in chondrocytes resulted in a shortening of the growth plate. The addition of Smad5 haploinsufficiency led to a more severe phenotype with shorter prehypertrophic and hypertrophic zones and decreased chondrocyte proliferation. The opposite growth plate phenotype was observed in a transgenic mouse model of decreased chondrocytic TGFβ signaling that was generated by expressing a dominant negative form of the TGFβ receptor I (ΔTβRI) in cartilage. Histological analysis demonstrated elongated growth plates with enhanced Ihh expression, as well as an increased proliferation rate with altered production of extracellular matrix components. In contrast, in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells, TGFβ was able to enhance BMP signaling, while BMP2 significantly reduces levels of TGF signaling. In summary, our data demonstrate that during endochondral ossification, BMP and TGFβ signaling can have antagonistic effects on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in vivo. We also found evidence of direct interaction between the two signaling pathways in a cell model of chondrogenesis in vitro

Molecular survey of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Mexican field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroids (SP´s) and the role of two major resistance mechanisms were evaluated in Mexican Rhipicephalus microplus tick populations. Larval packet test (LPT), knock-down (kdr) PCR allele-specific assay (PASA) and esterase activity assays were conducted in tick populations for cypermethrin, flumethrin and deltamethrin. Esterase activity did not have a significant correlation with SP´s resistance. However a significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between the presence of the sodium channel mutation, and resistance to SP´s as measured by PASA and LPT respectively. Just over half the populations (16/28) were cross-resistant to flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrine, 21.4% of the samples (6/28) were susceptible to all of the three pyrethroids 10.7 of the samples (3/28) were resistant to flumethrin, 3.4 of the samples (1/28) were resistant to deltamethrin only and 7.1% (2/28) were resistant to flumethrin and deltamethrin. The presence of the kdr mutation correlates with resistance to the SP´s as a class. Target site insensitivity is the major mechanism of resistance to SP´s in Mexican R. microplus field strains, involving the presence of a sodium channel mutation, however, esterase-based, other mutations or combination of mechanisms can also occur

Association between Grape Yeast Communities and the Vineyard Ecosystems

The grape yeast biota from several wine-producing areas, with distinct soil types and grapevine training systems, was assessed on five islands of Azores Archipelago, and differences in yeast communities composition associated with the geographic origin of the grapes were explored. Fifty-seven grape samples belonging to the Vitis vinifera grapevine cultivars Verdelho dos Acores (Verdelho), Arinto da Terceira (Arinto) and Terrantez do Pico (Terrantez) were collected in two consecutive years and 40 spontaneous fermentations were achieved. A total of 1710 yeast isolates were obtained from freshly crushed grapes and 1200 from final stage of fermentations. Twenty-eight species were identified, Hanseniaspura uvarum, Pichia terricola and Metschnikowia pulcherrima being the three most representative species isolated. Candida carpophila was encountered for the first time as an inhabitant of grape or wine-associated environments. In both sampling years, a higher proportion of H. uvarum in fresh grapes from Verdelho cultivar was observed, in comparison with Arinto cultivar. Qualitatively significant differences were found among yeast communities from several locations on five islands of the Archipelago, particularly in locations with distinctive agro-ecological compositions. Our results are in agreement with the statement that grape-associated microbial biogeography is non-randomly associated with interactions of climate, soil, cultivar, and vine training systems in vineyard ecosystems. Our observations strongly support a possible linkage between grape yeast and wine typicality, reinforcing the statement that different viti-cultural terroirs harbor distinctive yeast biota, in particular in vineyards with very distinctive environmental conditions.Joao Drumonde Neves is the recipient of a fellowship of the Azorean Government (M321/006/F/2008) and PROEMPREGO. This work was supported by the strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI), and by national funds through FCT by the projects FCOMP-01-0124-008775, PTDC/AGR-ALI/103392/2008 and PTDC/AGR-ALI/121062/2010.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Adhesion Failures Determine the Pattern of Choroidal Neovascularization in the Eye: A Computer Simulation Study

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) of the macular area of the retina is the major cause of severe vision loss in adults. In CNV, after choriocapillaries initially penetrate Bruch's membrane (BrM), invading vessels may regress or expand (CNV initiation). Next, during Early and Late CNV, the expanding vasculature usually spreads in one of three distinct patterns: in a layer between BrM and the retinal pigment epithelium (sub-RPE or Type 1 CNV), in a layer between the RPE and the photoreceptors (sub-retinal or Type 2 CNV) or in both loci simultaneously (combined pattern or Type 3 CNV). While most studies hypothesize that CNV primarily results from growth-factor effects or holes in BrM, our three-dimensional simulations of multi-cell model of the normal and pathological maculae recapitulate the three growth patterns, under the hypothesis that CNV results from combinations of impairment of: 1) RPE-RPE epithelial junctional adhesion, 2) Adhesion of the RPE basement membrane complex to BrM (RPE-BrM adhesion), and 3) Adhesion of the RPE to the photoreceptor outer segments (RPE-POS adhesion). Our key findings are that when an endothelial tip cell penetrates BrM: 1) RPE with normal epithelial junctions, basal attachment to BrM and apical attachment to POS resists CNV. 2) Small holes in BrM do not, by themselves, initiate CNV. 3) RPE with normal epithelial junctions and normal apical RPE-POS adhesion, but weak adhesion to BrM (e.g. due to lipid accumulation in BrM) results in Early sub-RPE CNV. 4) Normal adhesion of RBaM to BrM, but reduced apical RPE-POS or epithelial RPE-RPE adhesion (e.g. due to inflammation) results in Early sub-retinal CNV. 5) Simultaneous reduction in RPE-RPE epithelial binding and RPE-BrM adhesion results in either sub-RPE or sub-retinal CNV which often progresses to combined pattern CNV. These findings suggest that defects in adhesion dominate CNV initiation and progression

CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness worldwide, is as prevalent as cancer in industrialized nations. Most blindness in AMD results from invasion of the retina by choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). Here we show that the eosinophil/mast cell chemokine receptor CCR3 is specifically expressed in choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in humans with AMD, and that despite the expression of its ligands eotaxin-1, -2 and -3, neither eosinophils nor mast cells are present in human CNV. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of CCR3 or eotaxins inhibited injury-induced CNV in mice. CNV suppression by CCR3 blockade was due to direct inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, and was uncoupled from inflammation because it occurred in mice lacking eosinophils or mast cells, and was independent of macrophage and neutrophil recruitment. CCR3 blockade was more effective at reducing CNV than vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) neutralization, which is in clinical use at present, and, unlike VEGF-A blockade, is not toxic to the mouse retina. In vivo imaging with CCR3-targeting quantum dots located spontaneous CNV invisible to standard fluorescein angiography in mice before retinal invasion. CCR3 targeting might reduce vision loss due to AMD through early detection and therapeutic angioinhibition