Leaf micromorphogy of cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and its wild relatives

Kültür marulu (Lactuca sativa L.) dünya genelinde tüketilen ve ekonomik değere sahip otsu bir bitkidir. Bu türün birincil gen havuzunda yabani L. serriola L., L. aculeata Boiss. & Kotschy, L. azerbaijanica Rech. f., L. georgica Grossh. ve L. scarioloides Boiss. yer alırken ikincil gen havuzunda ise L. saligna L. yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada ekonomik öneminden dolayı çeşitli çalışmalara konu L. sativa’nın birincil ve ikincil gen havuzunda yer alan yabani akrabalarının yaprak mikromorfolojilerinin ortaya konulması ve mikromofolojik karakterlere dayalı akrabalık ilişkilerinin fenetik analizler yoluyla değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için çoklu örnekleme üzerinden türlere ait yaprakların karakter durumları belirlenmiş ve saysısal analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışılan diğer mikromofolojik özellikler içerisinde en çok varyasyon epikutikular mum yoğunluğunda ve mum tipinde gözlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan epidermis hücrelerinin antiklinal ve periklinal (L. georgica hariç) çeperleri tür içerisinde kararlılık göstermektedir. Yaprak alt yüzeyindeki tüy durumu da L. saligna hariç tür içinde kararlılık göstermektedir. Mikromorfolojik verilere göre L. sativa’ya en yakın tür L. saligna olup epidermis hücrelerine ait antiklinal çeperin dalgalı (undulat) olması iki türde paylaşılan ortak karakter durumudur. Elde edilen bu veriler ışığında epidermis hücrelerinin antiklinal-periklinal çeperleri ve tüy durumu Lactuca cinsi içerisinde sistematik çalışmalarda taksonlar arasında sınırları belirlemek için ayırt edici karakter olarak kullanılabilir.Cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an economically important weedy plant for human consumption at worldwide. The primary gene pool of L. sativa consists of wild L. serriola L., L. aculeata Boiss. & Kotschy, L. azerbaijanica Rech. f., L. georgica Grossh. and L. scarioloides Boiss. while L. saligna L. is in its secondary gene pool. L. sativa has been subjected to various studies due to its economic importance. This study aims to reveal leaf micromorphology of the taxa in the primary and secondary gene pool of L. sativa and determinate these relationships based on leaf micromophological characters through phenetic analysis. In order to achieve these aims, character states of leaves belonging to the taxa were determined through multiple sampling and these data were subjected to analysis. The most variation was observed in density of epicuticular wax and wax type among the studied micromorphological characters. On the other hand the states of anticlinal and periclinal walls of epidermis cells are stable within the taxa (except L. georgica). Indumentum on abaxial leaf surface is also stable within the taxa except L. saligna. According to the micromorphological data, L. saligna is the closest species to L. sativa and undulate anticlinal wall of epidermis cells is shared common character state for both taxa. In the light of these findings, anticlinalpericlinal walls of epidermis cells and indumentum can be used as distinctive characters to determine the boundaries between taxa in systematic studies in Lactuca

Tragopogon abbreviatus (Asteraceae): a little-known species inferred from morphological and molecular analysis

Tragopogon porrifolius occurs in Turkey with 3 taxonomically confused subspecies: T. porrifolius subsp. eriospermus, T. porrifolius subsp. longirostris, and T. porrifolius subsp. abbreviatus. In the present paper, T. porrifolius subsp. abbreviatus endemic to Turkey is raised at specific level based on morphological and molecular analysis. After detailed assessment of original herbarium specimens and literature studies, we found that this name is not typified yet. Thus, a lectotype is provided together with an emended diagnosis; synonym, distribution map, and conservation status for the first time. Additionally, a preliminary phylogenetic position of this little-known taxon is given on several newly sequenced data

A conspectus of Scorzonera s.l. in Turkey

A comprehensive taxonomic study based on comparative morphology of Scorzonera , here maintained in its wide sense, is presented for the territory of Turkey. Tis study has produced several changes of classifcation at sectional and species ranks. An updated list of Scorzonera taxa occurring in Turkey, along with their infrageneric classifcation, is provided. A new section, S. sect. Anatolia Makbul & Coskunç., is described. Chromosome numbers, threat categories, and distribution maps are given for 6 endemic taxa (S. boissieri, S. karabelensis, S. longiana , S. sandrasica , S. ulrichii, and S. zorkunensis) placed in or transferred to the newly described section. A revised identifcation key to all Scorzonera species in Turkey is presented

Caucasoseris, a new genus of subtribe Chondrillinae (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) for the enigmatic Prenanthes abietina

A new genus, Caucasoseris, is established to accommodate Prenanthes abietina, a species of hitherto uncertain systematic position distributed in the western Caucasus and northeasternmost Turkey in montane conifer and mixed forests. Agreement has existed that the species belongs somewhere in the Crepidinae or Lactucinae but its morphological features do not match any genus and previous molecular phylogenetic analyses could not establish its sister group. This study provides additional micro- and macromorphological, palynological and anatomical data, and used a molecular phylogenetic sampling designed to ascertain its relationship. A sister group relationship with the Chondrillinae is inferred from the phylogenetic tree based on nrITS. In the plastid DNA tree, where the Chondrillinae are resolved as a clade nested inside the Crepidinae, the species is resolved further remote from the Chondrillinae clade and in a rather early diverging position of the Crepidinae. In agreement also with the anatomical and microand macromorphological findings, it is considered an orphan lineage with affinities to the Chondrillinae, best treated as a genus of its own. A key to the genera of the Chondrillinae including Caucasoseris is provided.Peer reviewe

Caucasoseris, a new genus of subtribe Chondrillinae (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) for the enigmatic Prenanthes abietina

A new genus, Caucasoseris, is established to accommodate Prenanthes abietina, a species of hitherto uncertain systematic position distributed in the western Caucasus and northeasternmost Turkey in montane conifer and mixed forests. Agreement has existed that the species belongs somewhere in the Crepidinae or Lactucinae but its morphological features do not match any genus and previous molecular phylogenetic analyses could not establish its sister group. This study provides additional micro- and macromorphological, palynological and anatomical data, and used a molecular phylogenetic sampling designed to ascertain its relationship. A sister group relationship with the Chondrillinae is inferred from the phylogenetic tree based on nrITS. In the plastid DNA tree, where the Chondrillinae are resolved as a clade nested inside the Crepidinae, the species is resolved further remote from the Chondrillinae clade and in a rather early diverging position of the Crepidinae. In agreement also with the anatomical and microand macromorphological findings, it is considered an orphan lineage with affinities to the Chondrillinae, best treated as a genus of its own. A key to the genera of the Chondrillinae including Caucasoseris is provided.Peer reviewe

New records and predicted distribution area of Lactuca boissieri Rouy endemic to Turkey

Lactuca boissieri Rouy (Kocamarul) Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin yüksek kesimlerindeyayılış gösteren endemik türlerimizden biridir. Mevcut çalışmada türün yeni tespit edilenyayılış bilgilerine, şu ana kadar kaydedilen tüm yayılış bilgilerinden hareketle belirlenenmuhtemel yayılış alanlarına ve tehdit sınıfına yer verilmiştir. Tür, esas itibari ile DoğuKaradeniz’in nemli subalpin kuşağında yayılış göstermesine rağmen Maxent modellemesinegöre muhtemel yayılış alanının bilinen yayılış alanına göre daha geniş olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Endemik türümüzün teyit edilen eski 3 ve yeni tespit edilen 10 noktadaki varlığı, yaşam alanıve yayılış alanı büyüklüğü ile yazarların arazi gözlemleri dikkate alındığında Duyarlı(VU:B2ab(ii,iii)) sınıfında yer alması gerektiği belirlenmiştir.Lactuca boissieri Rouy (Kocamarul) endemic to Turkey is distributed at highlandof the Eastern Black Sea Region. The current study presents newly determined localityinformation of the species, its potential distribution area and conservation statute based onall known locality information. Although the species is mainly distributed in moist subalpinezone of the Eastern Black Sea Region, according to the Maxent modeling, potentialdistribution area is found to be wider than the currently known distribution area. Theconservation statute of the species was assed as Vulnerable (VU:B2ab(ii,iii)) according toapproved 3 older and newly determined 10 locations, authors’ field observations, area ofoccupancy and extent of occurrence calculated based on all known localities

Contribution to the taxonomy of little known Tragopogon species endemic to Turkey

In the present paper, two little-known species (T. olympicus Boiss. and T. pichleri Boiss.) endemic to Turkey are evaluated in terms of morphology based on numerous authentic and/or new collections. Additionally, the phylogenetic positions of these little-known species are evaluated based on newly generated sequences of nrDNA ITS, trnL and trnL-F. As a result of the morphological examination, lectotypes are designated and documented for both species together with amended diagnosis. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS data indicates that T. olympicus and T. latifolius Boiss. var. angustifolius are sister taxa, while T. dubius Scop. and T. pichleri are nested together in a different subclade of Tragopogon sect. Majores (Artemcz.) Kuthath s.l. However, neither species is resolved in the cpDNA tree due to low nucleotide diversity. The present results support treating T. olympicus and T. pichleri as members of Tragopogon sect. Sosnovskya Boriss. and Tragopogon sect. Majores, respectively

Phylogeny and systematics of the Lactucinae (Asteraceae) focusing on their SW Asian centre of diversity

This study provides the first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the lettuce alliance (Cichorieae subtribe Lactucinae of the sunflower family) in its SW Asia centre of diversity and assumed area of origin. The sampling contains multiple samples of all SW Asian Lactucinae except four unavailable rare taxa. One nuclear ribosomal and five plastid DNA markers were used for the reconstruction with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. A total of 716 individual sequences belonging to 56 taxa were newly generated. The nrDNA and plastid DNA gene trees show several hard topological incongruences at various levels of the trees, which make it very likely that the evolution of the subtribe was shaped by events of ancient and more recent reticulation, chloroplast capture and incomplete lineage sorting. The taxonomic conclusions from the phylogenetic analysis are drawn, and a revised inventory of the subtribe in SW Asia including new combinations and synonymies are provided