Institutionalizations effects on business accomplishment in family business : The case of family businesses which remain actively in Aydın province

Aile işletmelerinin özellikle yönetim tarzları ve nesillerarası devirleri sırasında yaşanan çatışmaların ve bu çatışmaların çözümüne yönelik söylemlerin son günlerde arttığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle aile işletmelerinin kurumsallaşması ve kurumsallaşma biçimlerinin aile işletmelerinin başarısına olan katkılarının ekonomi ve yönetim bilimi açısından önem kazandığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamızda, Aydın ilinde faaliyet gösteren aile işletmelerinin kurumsallaşma biçimlerini ne kadar önemsedikleri ve kurumsallaşma biçimlerinin aile işletmelerinin örgütsel ve örgütsel olmayan işletme başarılarını hangi yönde ve nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama yöntemi hazır bilgiler ve soru sorma biçiminde olmuştur. Birincil ve ikincil veriler olmak üzere iki tür veri kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan birincil veriler çalışmamızın konusuyla ilgili kişi ya da kişilere yöneltilen soru formları (anket) ile sağlanmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında veri toplama aracı olarak aile işletmelerinin kurucu girişimcilerine ve çalışanlarına yönelik üç ayrı soru formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda 153 aile işletmesi sahibi ve bu işletmelerde çalışan 185 personel ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, aile işletmelerinin kurumsallaşmaları işletme sahiplerine göre önem sırasıyla tutarlılık, kültürel güç, otonomi, saydamlık, formalleşme, profesyonelleşme ve sosyal sorumluluk kurumsallaşma biçimleri ile ölçülebildiği görülmüştür. Kurumsallaşma biçimlerinin örgütsel başarı biçimlerinden çıktı başarısına katkısı yüksek iken, işlevsel başarı ve yenilik-uyum başarısına katkının yeterince güçlü olmadığı görülmüştür. Örgütsel olmayan işletme başarı biçimlerinin ise katkılarının yüksek olmamakla birlikte önem sırası ile yetki-sorumluluk başarısı, hukuksal başarı, sosyal başarı, profesyonelleri kullanma başarısı, duygusal başarı, gelecek nesilleri değerlendirme başarısı, aile anayasasının varlığı başarısı şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Tüm kurumsallaşma biçimlerinin işletmelerin çıktı başarısına katkıda bulunduğu, otonomi ve formalleşmenin yenilik-uyum başarısına olan katkısının işlevsel başarıdan daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Aydın ilinde faaliyet gösteren aile işletmelerinin her konuda tam olarak kurumsallaşamadıkları ve kurumsallaşma biçimlerini tam olarak yerine getiremedikleri için örgütsel ve örgütsel olmayan işletme başarı biçimlerini de sağlayamadıkları görülmüştür.It is seen that the conflicts which ocur especially during the transfer from generation to generation and management policies of family businesses and utterances for solution of those conflicts have increased recently. So, the institutionalization of family businesses and the contributions of institutionalization forms to the succes of family businesses have been determined to become important in terms of economy and business admistration. In this study, how much importance family businesses which remain actively in Aydın province give to the institutionalization forms of family businesses and in what respects and how institutionalization forms effect the organizational and non-organizational business success of family businesses have been researched. In this study, the method of collecting data has been in the form of asking questions and existing information. Two kinds of data have been used as primary and secondary data primary data, which are used in the study, have been collected with interviews that have been asked to a person or people who are related to our subjects of the study. On collecting the data of research, three different question forms for workers and entrepreneurial managements of family businesses have been used as a means of collecting data. In our study, interviews have been made with 153 owners of family businesses and 185 personnels working in those businesses. In this study, it has been seen that the institutionalization of family businesses is able to be evaluated by, in order of significance institutionalization forms of coherence, cultural power, autonomy, transparency, regular, professionalization and social responsibility according to the owners of businesses. It has been seen that while institutionalization forms contribute to output succes from organizational succes forms in a great way, its contribution to functional success and success of innovation-harmony is not huge enough. Non-organizational business success forms' contribution, on the other hand, is not great and it has been determined as, in order of significance, success of authority and responsibility, forensic success, social success, success of employing professionals, emotional succes, succes of assessment of future generations, succes of existence of family constitution. It has been determined that the whole institutionalization forms have contributed to the output succes of the businesses, and regular and autonomy's contribution to the succes of innovation-harmony is higher than functional succes. In conclusion, family businesses which remain actively in Aydın province have been seen not to be able to achieve organizational and non-organizational business success forms because of the fact that they have not been able to institutionalize perfectly in evert respect and carry out the institutionalization forms thoroughly

Comprehensive analysis of RGU photometry in the direction to M5

The RGU-photographic investigation of an intermediate latitude field in the direction to the Galactic center is presented. 164 extra-galactic objects, identified by comparison of Minnesota and Basel charts, are excluded from the program. Also, a region with size 0.104 square-degrees, contaminated by cluster (M5) stars and affected by background light of the bright star HD 136202 is omitted. Contrary to previous investigations, a reddening of $E(B-V)=0.046$, corresponding to E(G-R)=0.07 mag is adopted. The separation of dwarfs and evolved stars is carried out by an empirical method, already applied in some of our works. A new calibration for the metallicity determination is used for dwarfs, while the absolute magnitude determination for stars of all categories is performed using the procedures given in the literature. There is good agreement between the observed logarithmic space density histograms and the galactic model gradients. Also, the local luminosity function agrees with Gliese's (1969) and Hipparcos' (Jahreiss & Wielen 1997) luminosity functions, for stars with $2<M(G)\leq8$ mag. For giants, we obtained two different local space densities from comparison with two Galactic models, i.e. $D^{*}(0)=6.63$, close to that of Gliese (1969), and $D^{*}(0)=6.79$. A metallicity gradient, $d[Fe/H]/dz= -0.20$ dex/kpc, is detected for dwarfs (only) with absolute magnitudes $4<M(G)\leq6$, corresponding to a spectral type interval F5-K0.Comment: 17 pages, including 13 figures and 3 tables, accepted for publication in PAS

High diagnostic rate of trio exome sequencing in consanguineous families with neurogenetic diseases.

Consanguineous marriages have a prevalence rate of 24% in Turkey. These carry an increased risk of autosomal recessive genetic conditions, leading to severe disability or premature death, with a significant health and economic burden. A definitive molecular diagnosis could not be achieved in these children previously, as infrastructures and access to sophisticated diagnostic options were limited. We studied the cause of neurogenetic disease in 246 children from 190 consanguineous families recruited in three Turkish hospitals between 2016 and 2020. All patients underwent deep phenotyping and trio whole exome sequencing, and data were integrated in advanced international bioinformatics platforms. We detected causative variants in 119 known disease genes in 72% of families. Due to overlapping phenotypes 52% of the confirmed genetic diagnoses would have been missed on targeted diagnostic gene panels. Likely pathogenic variants in 27 novel genes in 14% of the families increased the diagnostic yield to 86%. Eighty-two per cent of causative variants (141/172) were homozygous, 11 of which were detected in genes previously only associated with autosomal dominant inheritance. Eight families carried two pathogenic variants in different disease genes. De novo (9.3%), X-linked recessive (5.2%) and compound heterozygous (3.5%) variants were less frequent compared to non-consanguineous populations. This cohort provided a unique opportunity to better understand the genetic characteristics of neurogenetic diseases in a consanguineous population. Contrary to what may be expected, causative variants were often not on the longest run of homozygosity and the diagnostic yield was lower in families with the highest degree of consanguinity, due to the high number of homozygous variants in these patients. Pathway analysis highlighted that protein synthesis/degradation defects and metabolic diseases are the most common pathways underlying paediatric neurogenetic disease. In our cohort 164 families (86%) received a diagnosis, enabling prevention of transmission and targeted treatments in 24 patients (10%). We generated an important body of genomic data with lasting impacts on the health and wellbeing of consanguineous families and economic benefit for the healthcare system in Turkey and elsewhere. We demonstrate that an untargeted next generation sequencing approach is far superior to a more targeted gene panel approach, and can be performed without specialized bioinformatics knowledge by clinicians using established pipelines in populations with high rates of consanguinity

Systematic Review of Potential Health Risks Posed by Pharmaceutical, Occupational and Consumer Exposures to Metallic and Nanoscale Aluminum, Aluminum Oxides, Aluminum Hydroxide and Its Soluble Salts

Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007). Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of “total Al”assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al+ 3 to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)+ 2 and Al(H2O)6 + 3] that after complexation with O2•−, generate Al superoxides [Al(O2•)](H2O5)]+ 2. Semireduced AlO2• radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 • − and OH•. Thus, it is the Al+ 3-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances

Update on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a guide to the guidelines

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiovascular disorder, affecting 1 in 500 individuals worldwide. Existing epidemiological studies might have underestimated the prevalence of HCM, however, owing to limited inclusion of individuals with early, incomplete phenotypic expression. Clinical manifestations of HCM include diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, ischaemia, atrial fibrillation, abnormal vascular responses and, in 5% of patients, progression to a 'burnt-out' phase characterized by systolic impairment. Disease-related mortality is most often attributable to sudden cardiac death, heart failure, and embolic stroke. The majority of individuals with HCM, however, have normal or near-normal life expectancy, owing in part to contemporary management strategies including family screening, risk stratification, thromboembolic prophylaxis, and implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators. The clinical guidelines for HCM issued by the ACC Foundation/AHA and the ESC facilitate evaluation and management of the disease. In this Review, we aim to assist clinicians in navigating the guidelines by highlighting important updates, current gaps in knowledge, differences in the recommendations, and challenges in implementing them, including aids and pitfalls in clinical and pathological evaluation. We also discuss the advances in genetics, imaging, and molecular research that will underpin future developments in diagnosis and therapy for HCM

Metal–poor turnoff and subgiant field stars in the Galaxy

Photographic RGU photometry for about 1800 stars down to a limiting G-magnitude of 19.5 in a high-latitude field (($l,b$) = (101°, +60$^{\circ})$) near the galaxy M101 is investigated. We use an improved variant of the classical three-color method which is based on recent UBV–RGU–photometric transforms and calibrations (Buser 1988; Buser & Fenkart 1990) and on models of the stellar density distributions of the Galactic population components. In particular, predictions from the Galactic models of Gilmore & Wyse (1985) are employed as guides in determining the density functions from the present data, which are then used in turn to derive consistent local luminosity functions. We find that a significant fraction of the intermediate and extreme Population II stars must be (mildly) evolved (rather than main–sequence) stars whose higher–luminosity nature cannot be inferred from their two–color positions only. This conclusion is also consistent with results obtained from combined RGU–photometric and proper motion data in two other Basel fields by Buser & Chiu (1981a,b) as well as from detailed model–calculations for the larger survey of RGU–data in seven high–latitude fields by Buser & Rong (1995) and Buser et al. (1998a)

Carotis intima media thickness in female patiens with subclinical hypothyroidism [Subklinik hipotiroidili kadin hastalarda karotis intima media kalinli?i]

Objective: Recent studies have shown that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) has similar cardiovascular risks with clinical hypothyroidism (CH). We evaluated carotis intima media thickness (CIMT)-indicator of early changes in atherosclerotic process- in female patients, who have either CH or SCH, with similar age and demographic features. Materials and Methods: In this study, we included 81 female patients admitted to internal medicine and endocrinology outpatient clinic, diagnosed with CH (30) or SCH (51) according to their laboratory findings and who have not previously received treatment and 38 healthy women. BMI (body mass index), sistolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), vitamin B-12, folate, homocysteine, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs CRP), and CIMT were measured in all participants. Results: There was not a statistical difference between the groups in TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, vitamin B-12, and folate levels (p>0.05). On the other hand, SCH and CH groups differed statistically significantly from the control group for Hs CRP (p=0.011), homocysteine (p<0.001), and CIMT values. Additionally, age was found to be the most important factor for increase in CIMT when multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Conclusions: Lack of difference between CH patients and SCH patients in respect to Hs CRP, homocystein, and CIMT shows that inflammation and increase in CIMT starts during SCH period. Hence, we think that the increase in CIMT in SCH patients when TSH levels are higher than the normal range is a clinically important sign of early cardiovascular diseases

Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients

Amaç: Asimetrik dimetil arjinin (ADMA), nitrik oksit sentezinin endojen bir inhibitörü olup aynı zamanda endotel disfonksiyonunun bir göstergesidir. Non-dipper hipertansiyon (HT) tipine sahip hastalarda yapılan çalışmalarda endotel disfonksiyonun dolayısıyla hedef organ hasarının dipper HT tipi olan hastalardan daha fazla olduğu gösterilmiştir. Biz çalışmamızda bu iki grup arasında endotel fonksiyonu değişikliklerini ADMA seviyelerine bakarak karşılaştırdık. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 6 ay içerisinde Düzce Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi iç hastalıkları ve kardiyoloji polikliniğine başvuran ve daha önceden esansiyel HT tanısı konulup medikal tedavi ile takip edilen 87 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalar ambulatuar kan basıncı ölçümü yapılarak dipper ve non-dipper olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Hastaların vucut kitle indeksi(VKİ), sistolik kan basıncı ve diyastolik kan basıncı, trigliserid, total kolesterol, düşük dansiteli lipoprotein(LDL) kolesterol, yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein(HDL) kolesterol ve ADMA ölçümleri yapıldı. Bulgular: Grupların yaş, VKİ ve lipid değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak fark yoktu (p0.05). Dipper grubunda bakılan ADMA seviyeleri 1.290.17 ?mol/L, non-dipper grubunda ise 1.270.13 ?mol/L idi. Dipper ve non-dipper grupları arasında ADMA açısından anlamlı farlılık yoktu (p0.575). Sonuç: ADMA seviyeleri HT hastalarında bozulmuş endotel fonksiyonuna bağlı olarak yüksek olarak bulunur. Kan basıncının non-dipper tipinde endotel disfonksiyonu dipper tipi olanlara göre daha fazladır. Çalışmamızda iki tip arasında ADMA seviyelerinde farklılık bulunamamıştır.Objectives: Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis and also is an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. Patients who have nondipper blood pressure pattern have been shown to exhibit more endothelial dysfunction than patients who has dipper blood pressure pattern. However, other endogenous markers, but not ADMA, are used to assess endothelial function in these studies. In our study, we used ADMA levels to compare differences in endothelial function between each groups. Materials and methods: This study includes 87 patients who admitted to Düzce University internal medicine and Cardiology outpatient clinics throughout 6 months and have been diagnosed previously as essential hypertension and followed with medical therapy. Patients were divided into two groups as non-dippers and dippers, using ambulatory blood pressure measurement. Patients&#8217; body mass index, Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and ADMA levels were measured. Results: Age, BMI, and lipid values did not differ significantly between groups (p>0.05). Mean ADMA level was 1.29±0.13 in dippers, and that of non-dippers was 1.27±0.13&#956;mol/L. ADMA levels did not differ significantly between the non-dipper and dipper groups (p0.575). Conclusion: ADMA levels were found to be higher in hypertensive patients due to endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction was more frequent in patients who had nondipper blood pressure pattern than patients who had dipper blood pressure pattern. In our study, ADMA levels did not differ significantly between two patterns