A comparison of electrochemical degradation of phenol on boron doped diamond and lead dioxide anodes

This work compares two electrode materials used to mineralize phenol contained in waste waters. Two disks covered with either boron doped diamond (BDD) or PbO2 were used as anodes in a one compartment flow cell under the same hydrodynamic conditions. Efficiencies of galvanostatic electrolyses are compared on the basis of measurements of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Galvanostatic electrolyses were monitored by analysis of phenol and of its oxidation derivatives to evaluate the operating time needed for complete elimination of toxic aromatics. The experimental current efficiency is close to the theoretical value for the BDD electrode. Other parameters being equal, phenol species disappeared at the same rate using the two electrode materials but the BDD anode showed better efficiency to eliminate TOC and COD. Moreover, during the electrolysis less intermediates are formed with BDD compared to PbO2 whatever the current density. A comparison of energy consumption is given based on the criterion of 99% removal of aromatic compounds

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis mimicking iron deficiency anemia: a delayed diagnosis?

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an uncommon chronic disorder in children. It is characterized by recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage and may result in hemoptysis and pulmonary insufficiency. The most common hematologic manifestation of IPH is iron deficiency anemia. The etiology of IPH is not known and its diagnosis may be difficult due to the variable clinical courses. The most helpful signs for identifying IPH are iron deficiency anemia and recurrent or chronic cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing. We report here 5 pediatric cases of IPH presenting with iron deficiency anemia and without pulmonary symptoms. Mean corpuscular volume was low in all patients; iron was low in 4 out of 5 cases; total iron binding capacity was high in all of them; ferritin was low in 3 patients. At follow up, none of them had responded successfully to the iron therapy. Although they didn’t present with pulmonary symptoms, chest radiographs incidentally revealed diffuse reticulonoduler shadows in all of them. Computed tomography revealed diffuse ground-glass opacities, consolidation, increased density. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of hemosiderinladen macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and gastric aspirate. If patients with iron deficiency anemia don’t respond to iron therapy, they should be examined for IPH. Chest radiographs should be taken even in absence of pulmonary symptoms. Early diagnosis is important for a timely management of IPH

Vitamin A status of healthy children in Manisa, Turkey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health nutrition problem in the developing world. Even subclinical Vitamin A deficiency is associated with increased childhood mortality. Severe maternal vitamin A deficiency may cause increased mortality in the first months of life. There have been a limited number of studies regarding vitamin A status in Turkey. The aim of this study was to assess vitamin A status of healthy children in Manisa, Turkey.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Vitamin A status of 100 healthy children aged 36-48 months is evaluated. The children were seen during routine examination. Serum retinol concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Duration of breast feeding, age solid foods introduced, use of supplementary vitamins, weight and height, and intake of specific groups of nutrients on a daily, weekly and monthly basis were collected from a questionnaire completed by the mothers. Height and weight z-scores were calculated according to national standards. Mothers of 20 of the 100 children were known to have normal serum and breast milk retinol concentrations. Children with normal serum retinol concentration were compared with the children with VAD. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare independent variables. The Pearson correlation analysis test was used to test relation between numeric variables.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean retinol concentration was 0.98 ± 0.32 μmol/L in the whole study group. Serum retinol concentrations were normal (>0.70 μmol/L) in 89% of the children. When children with normal serum retinol concentrations were compared with those with retinol concentrations lower than 0.70 μmol/L, there was no difference in terms of age, gender, weight and height at the time of study, z-scores, birth weight, birth length, duration of breast feeding, time to begin solid food, rate of supplementary vitamin use, and rate of infections (P > 0.05). There was not any relation between vitamin A concentrations and weight and height at the time of study, z-scores, birth weight, birth length, duration of breast feeding, time to begin solid food, vitamin use, and frequency of intake of specific groups of nutrients (P > 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study showed that VAD is a moderate health problem in Manisa.</p

Gediz kömürünün sıvılaştırılması

TEZ2236Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1996.Kaynakça (s. 51-56) var.v, 56(2) s. ; 30 cm.

Boraks pentahidratın transisyon sıcaklığı altında kristalizasyon mekanizmasının araştırılması

Tez (Doktora)-- İTÜ Fen Bil. Enst., 1997.Bu çalışmada boraks pentahidratın Na20-B203-H20 sisteminin çözünürlük- sıcaklık ilişkisinde varolan 60.8°C civarındaki transisyon noktasının altında kristal izasyon koşulları incelenmiştir. ön deneyler Etibank'ın Kırka tesisinde üretilen boraks pentahidrat kullanılarak yapılmış, ancak bu deneyler boraks pentahidratın yüksek Ca, Mg içeriği nedeniyle başarılı olmamıştır. Daha sonra laboratuvarda saf boraks dekahidrat hazırlanmış, bu hazırlanan boraks dekahidrat ile 90-95°C da doygun boraks çözeltileri hazırlanmış ve bu çözeltiler belirli soğutma hızları ile soğutularak boraks pentahidratın kristal izasyon koşulları incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla değişik boyutlarda kristalizör ve değişik tipte karıştırıcılar denenmiş, optimum olarak belirlenen cihaz sistemi ile 100-200-300-400 devir/dakika karıştırma hızlarında ve 10-20-30 °C/saat soğutma hızlarında deneyler yapılmış ve optimum proses koşulları deneysel kısımda tanımlanan kristalizör sisteminde, 200 devir/dakika karıştırma hızı ve 20-30 °C/saat soğutma hızı olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca sistem üzerine etkisini görmek için bazı polielektrolitler, borik asit ve sodyum hidroksit ilavesiyle deneyler yapılmıştır, incelenen polielektrolitlerin boraks pentahidratın düşük sıcaklıklarda elde edilmesine yardımcı olmadığı görülmüştür. Borik asit ilavesi boraks pentahidratın nükleasyonunu ve kristal izasyonunu önlemiş ve düşük sıcaklıklarda boraks dekahidrat kristallenmiştir. Sodyum hidroksit ilavesi ise boraks pentahidrat nükleasyon ve kristal izasyonunu hızlandırmış ve 50-60 °C arasında boraks dekahidrat kristallenmiştir. Endüstriye uygulanabilirliği açısından çalışılan kesikli kristalizör tipi dışında MSMPR ve boru tipli kristalizörlerde aynı amaçla denenmiştir. MSMPR tipi kristalizör ile yapılan deneyler bu tip kristalizörün amaca uygun olmadığını göstermiştir. Boru tipi kristalizör deneylerinde laboratuvarda sağlanan koşullarda sistem ancak 47 °C'ta inilebilmesine izin vermiş ve bu sıcaklıkta elde edilen ürün boraks pentahidrat olmuştur. Ayrıca bu tip kristalizörde yüksek kristal büyüme hızları elde edilmiştir.Turkey has one of the largest boron minerals reserves in the world. Two of the most commercially important boron compounds are borax decahydrate and borax pentahydrate. Production of these two boron compounds are handled by Etibank in Turkey. In Etibank's Kırka plant tincal mineral (raw borax pentahydrate) is dissolved at 90-95°C and separated from its clay and mother liquor is then crystallized. The slurry leaves the crystallizer at 66°C and is centrifuged to separate the crystals from the solution. Mother liquor which has a high concentration of borax is then recycled back to the tincal dissolution tank. This decreases the production rate of the whole process. An investigation of the solubility-temperature relationship of Na20-B203-H20 system, one can see that there is a possibility for crystallization of borax pentahydrate below the transition point of 60.8°C. In this study first Kırka plant's borax pentahydrate was dissolved at 90-95°C, and cooled down at different rates, but high amounts of Ca and Mg cause Ca, and Mg borate precipitation and these precipitates act as nucleation centers which enhance borax decahydrate crystallization. Because of this foreign ion effect, Kirka's borax pentahydrate was first dissolved at 90-95°C, Ca and Mg carbonates were precipitated by the additon of sodium carbonate. The slurry was filtered and recrystallized twice. Two batches of borax decahydrate were prepared in this manner to be used in all experiments. The first batch of borax decahydrate contained 2.5 ppm Ca, 2.5 ppm Mg, 52 ppm total organic carbon and 520 ppm Si whereas the second batch of borax decahydrate contained 5.6 ppm Ca, 3.8 ppm Mg, 50 ppm total organic carbon and 520 ppm Si. Ca and Mg analyses were performed by HITACHI model 180-80 atomic absorption spectrophotometer, total organic carbon analyses were performed by SCHIMADZU model TOC- 500 total organic carbon analyzer and Si analyses were performed by THERMO JARELL ASH model Atomscan sequential plasma type ICP spectrophotometer. By using recrystallized borax decahydrate, saturated borax solutions were prepared at 90 °C and a number of experiments were carried out. Saturated solutions of borax were cooled down by certain cooling rates. Several sized laboratory glass crystallizers and different shaped stirrers were tried. Optimum conditions were obtained with 1 It glass reactor of Wertheim Normschliff and 5 cm diameter paddle type stirrer. With this crystallizer system mixing rates of 100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm and cooling rates of 10, 20, and 30 °C/hourwere studied. XUl During dissolution of borax, temperatures were raised slowly and saturation concentrations at the beginning of the experiments were determined. During cooling, starting from 60 CC, for every 10 °C decrease samples were taken from crystals and solutions and B203 and Na20 analysis were carried out for both crystals and solutions. Na2B407 concentrations of the solutions were shown on the solubility temperature curve of the hydrates of borax. By this way a path followed by the solution's concentrations was determined. With 100 rpm and 20 °C/hour borax decahydrate crystallised out at 6.5 °C. But this mixing rate was not sufficient enough to hold the crystals in suspension. Crystals were classified in the crystallizer as larger crystals at the bottom and fines are at upper levels of the crystallizer. Larger crystals plugged out the outlet of the crystallizer and to take samples to follow up the process was not possible. For this reason, in spite of obtaining positive results, other experiments were not carried out at this mixing rate. Instantaneous borax decahydrate crystallization were detected easily by the instantaneous temperature rise of the crystallizer due to the highly exothermic heat of crystallization of borax decahydrate. In the experiments at 200, 300, and 400 rpm and cooling rate of 10 °C/hour, and also at 300, 400 rpm and 10, 20, and 30 °C/hour, below transition point, between 50-55 °C, borax decahydrate crystallized. Only at 300 rpm and 30 °C\hour borax decahydrate crystallization was obtained between 30-40 CC. These results can be expected from the theory of crystallization, higher mixing rates and lower cooling rates decrease the width of the metastable region. The best results were obtained by 100 - 200 rpm and cooling rate of 20 - 30 °C/hour. At these conditions borax decahydrate crystallization temperature was as low as 2 °C. And even at this temperature, before borax decahydrate crystallization, the crystals obtained were still borax pentahydrate. The composition of the solutions always followed a path quite above the borax pentahydrate saturation curve showing that solutions remain supersaturated. To change the compositions of borax solutions through the boric acid or metaborate side still remaining in the region of borax decahydrate, 0.3, 0.5, 1 % boric acid addition or 0.2, 0.5, 1 % sodium hydroxide addition into the solutions were investigated. Experiments showed that by the addition of boric acid, instantaneous borax decahydrate crystallization was obtained, without borax pentahydrate nucleation and crystallization or with borax pentahydrate nucleation without crystallization. So that small amounts of boric acid addition inhibits the nucleation and crystallization of borax pentahydrate. In contrast to this result the addition of small amounts of sodium hydroxide promotes the nucleation and crystal I izaton of borax pentahydrate and around 50 °C borax decahydrate crystallizes. XIV During the batch crystallization experiments, sometimes B203 content of borax pentahydrate crystals were found to be more than 49%. Borax ion schematically can be shown as given below. r OH I o-^o |2- ho^Ia I ^oh ^ OH J The unexpected analytical results and this structure gave an idea that there may be polymerization of borax ion as a mixture of dimers and trimers which stays metastable in the supersaturated solutions. Otherwise the literature value of 4.67 moles of water of crystallization is not the only form and also some borax tetrahydrate can be present. The X-ray analysis showed some minor deviations, but these deviations were not good enough to prove this. It was thought that higher temperatures may promote the polymerization. So that experiments at pressurized vessel (PARR, Pressure Reaction Apparatus, Model Type A 3039-71) were performed. Experiments were made at two different temperatures, 115 and 125 °C, and borax solution was saturated at approximatey 90 °C. After removing the pressure, the temperature of the solution was 85-86 °C and solution contained nuclei. During cooling period, samples were withdrawn at 66 and 56 °C. Borax decahydrate crystallization took place at 53 °C in all the experiments. Solution concentrations had exactly the same values with borax pentahydrate saturation curve. These results were opposite of what was expected and analysis of crystals gave B203 values which did not support the idea of the polymerization. Some experiments were made with the addition of small amounts of polyelectrolytes to see if there is a positive effect on metasable crystallization of borax pentahydrate. For this aim cationic polyelectrolytes FO 4115 and FO 4650 by SNF, anionic polyelectrolyte Superfloc A-130 and nonionic polyelectrolyte Superfloc N-100 by Cyanamid were investigated. Polyelectrolytes were added into the solution as 50 ppm in final solution. This solution prepared at 90-95 °C cooled down with 20 °C\hour at 200 rpm and borax pentahydrate nucleation and borax decahydrate spontaneous crystallization temperatures were determined. No specific effect of the polyelectrolytes investigated has been found on metastable crystallization of borax pentahydrate. XV Batch crystallization experiments showed that metastable crystallization of borax pentahydrate is possible. To see if continuous metastable crystallization of borax pentahydrate is possible MSMPR (mixed suspension mixed product removal) and pipe type crystallization experiments were carried out. MSMPR type crystallizer used in the experiments was made of plexiglas and had 2 liters volume. A cooling coil placed at the center of crystallizer played also a role as a draft tube, its diameter was 75 and height was 70 mm and an impeller with four blade and 60 mm diameter had been used as a stirrer. At pre-experiments several mixing rates were observed and most appropriate flowlines were obtained with 560 rpm. Feed solution was prepared in the 70 liters jacketed stainless steel reactor. This feed tank temperature kept at approximately 90 °C. At this type crystallizer feeding and product removal rates must be continuous and constant. Feeding had been done with peristaltic pump. However laboratory sized crystallizer is small in volume so that suspension between 95-105 % of total volume has been withdrawn intermittently for product removal. Feeding rate was 4lt/hour so that retention time was 0.5 hours. 8 times of retention time accepted sufficient to reach equilibrium conditions. At the end of this period a characteristic sample was withdrawn, crystals were washed with acetone saturated with borax, dried in air and sieve analysis were made, and population balance theory was applied. In the initial experiments main tank was kept at 90 °C and MSMPR was kept at 62.5 ± 0.5 °C to remain at borax pentahydrate side to see whether MSMPR conditions were satisfied or not and the experiments showed that MSMPR conditions were satisfied well. In the following experiments main tank was kept at 90 °C and MSMPR kept at 55 ± 0.5 °C to remain below transition point where borax decahydrate is stable. In these experiments always approximately in half an hour borax decahydrate crystallized out. These experiments showed that at MSMPR conditions created in the laboratory, borax pentahydrate metastable crystallization cannot be obtained and below transition point where borax decahydrate is stable phase, equilibrium conditions has been reached. However, batch crystallizer experiments showed that metastable crystallization of borax pentahydrate was possible and even at very low temperatures, borax pentahydrate was obtained. According to these results, during the crystallization where borax pentahydrate seed crystals exist, there are two forces effecting the crystallization. The first one is the force which is necessary for crystal growth of borax pentahydrate and it depends on the difference between the borax concentration of the solution and the metastable saturation concentration of borax pentahydrate. However for the crystallization of borax decahydrate, first decahydrate must nucleate and then these nuclei must grow. The force for this two step process is the difference between the solution's borax concentration and saturation concentration of borax decahydrate at that temperature. Another mechanism for borax decahydrate crystallization is the conversion of metastable borax XVI pentahydrate crystals to stable borax decahydrate crystals. Batch reactor experiments indicated that this transformation is not easy. To see that if industrial application of the obtained results is possible, continuous crystallization experiments with a pipe type crystallizer were done. The crystallizer is a jacketed pipe which is cooled countercurrently with cooling medium to give the desired temperature profile and cooling rate. With this type crystallizer, if the system permits, it is possible to work at every degree of supersaturation. To model this system two factors has been considered. The first one is to give the system a certain supercooling. According to previous data, this cooling rate must be over 20 °C\hour. The second factor is to keep seed and growing crystals in suspension. This rate which prevents deposition of crystals must be over 2 m\sec. To obtain this rate laboratory crystallizer's pipe diameter must be quite small and the length of the pipe must be sufficient for necessary cooling of the solution. However, at very thin pipes seed crystals plug the pipe and the outlet of the pipe. So that at the initial experiments, pipes with 16 mm diameter and 1.40 m length were arranged with angles having total height of 3.5 m. At this system up to 30 Itthour feeding rate crystal moved from the surfaces by rolling over and sticked to surfaces on which are relatively cool. So that at the following experiments two pipes with 16 mm diameter placed vertically having 2.80 m total height. Even at these experiments deposition at cool surfaces and plugging of the pipe outlet were not prevented. The feed solution which contained approximately 18% Na2B407 and 3% borax pentahydrate seed crystals with particule size smaller than 150 u fed to the pipe with peristaltic pump at a certain rate. System permitted to work down to 47 °C, at this temperature the outlet of the pipe had been plugged. The product obtained at this temperature was borax pentahydrate. The experiment for 30 lt\hour feed rate average particle size has been grown to 160 u level showing that there was an important particuler growth in the system. For this experiment crystal growth rates at 51 °C was 6.2 * 10"7, and at 47 °C with time difference were 1* 10"6 and 1.6 ^O"6 m\sec respectively. These rates obtained for metastable crystallization of borax pentahydrate were quite higher than the rates of 10"8 found by Sayan [42] for the crystallization of borax pentahydrate above transition point where pentahydrate is stable phase. The crystal growth rates at feeding rates of 15 lt\h and 5 lt\h were 2.4 * 10"7and 9.2 * 10"8 m\sec respectively. According to results obtained from these experiments pipe type crystallizer for metastable borax pentahydrate crystallization must work under the following conditions: a) The retention time must be maximum 7 minutes. b) The solution flow rate must be over 2 m\sec. xvu c) When seed crystals exist and nucleation has been prevented product crystals average particular size can be obtained from following equation: mi\ m0 = ( U\ U)3 Here m0 is the seed crystals amount, mi is the seed crystals plus product amount, L0 is an average size of seed crystals, U is an average size of product crystals. Similar calculations can be made by using Mc Cabe's AL law, if seed crystals sieve analysis is known. d) The lowest crystallization temperature is restricted by the pipe geometry, the solution flow rate and cooling medium temperature. e) There must not be other surfaces rather than borax pentahydrate seed crystals in crystallizing surfaces. The results of this study are summarized below: - Etibank's Kırka plant's borax pentahydrate was not appropriate for metastable crystallisation of borax pentahydrate, due to high content of Ca and Mg. - During the cooling period the solution follows a path quite above the solubility curve cited in the literature and remains supersaturated. - During the experiments at optimum conditions mentioned above borax pentahydrate remains metastable to borax decahydrate. - In the appropriate crystalliser system optimum conditions for the lowest borax decahydrate crystallization temperature when borax pentahydrate crystals were present, were found to be at 200 rpm and 20 - 30 °C/hour cooling rate. - At optimum conditions crystals obtained at 2°C were still borax pentahydrate. - Polyelectrolytes investigated have no specific effect on this metastable crystallization. - With boric acid present decahydrate crystals were still obtained at low temperature. The nucleation and crystallisation of borax pentahydrate, however, were greatly inhibited which is not acceptable for our purpose. - A small amount of sodium hydroxide addition, however, favour the crystallization of decahydrate which occurs immediately below the transition point. Will - At some analysis over 49% of B203 were found in borax pentahydrate, showing that possibly 4.67% of water of crystallisation cited in the literature is not the only form and probably there is also some formation of borax tetrahydrate in different amounts. - MSMPR type crystallizer conditions created at the laboratory were not appropriate for the metastable crystallization of borax pentahydrate. - With the pipe type crystallizer working at conditions cited above it is possible to perform metastable borax pentahydrate crystallization.DoktoraPh.D

Control of circular cylinder wakes in shallow flow

TEZ6205Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2007.Kaynakça (s.107-111) var.x, 112 s. : res. ; 29 cm.By placing different splitter plates at various locations downstream of a vertical cylinder, the control of vortex shedding behind the cylinder was aimed. The cylinder having outer diameter of 50 mm was used for all experiments. The plate thickness was chosen constant as 4mm. On the other hand, the length of the plate was ranged from 25 mm to 100 mm with 25 mm increments. The heights of plates were 6.25 mm, 12.5 mm and 18.75 mm. The gap between the base of cylinder and the leading edge of the splitter plate was ranged from 0 to 100 mm with 12.5 mm increments. The experiments consisted of two main parts. The splitter plate was placed on to the platform in accord with the cylinder in the water channel and the effect of plate location and plate height on the flow characteristics were investigated in the first part. At the second part of experiments, the splitter plates were hung at different distances from the platform. All experiments were carried out in shallow water having 25 mm water height. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure instantaneous velocity vector field in the wake region at Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter Re=5000.Bu çalışmayla, silindir arkasına değişik boyutlarda ve değişik pozisyonlarda plakalar yerleştirilerek girdap oluşumlarının kontrolü amaçlanmıştır. Bütün deneylerde 50 mm çapında tek bir silindir ve 4 mm kalınlığında değişik boyutlarda plexiglass plakalar kullanılmştır. Plakaların boyları 25 ile 100 mm arasında 25mm'lik artımlarla değişmektedir. Yükseklikleri ise 6,25 mm, 12,5 mm ve 18.75 mm dir. Silindir ve plaka arasındaki boşluklar 0 ile 100 mm arasında 12,5 mm artımlarla değiştirilmiştir. Deneyler iki ana bölümden oluşmuştur. İlk bölümde silindir ve plakalar kanal içindeki platform üzerine yerleştirilmiştir. İkinci kısımda ise silindir yine platform üzerindeyken, plakalar değişik yüksekliklerde asılı tututlmuştur: plaka alt kenarı ve platform arasındaki boşluk 6,25 mm, 12,5 mm ve 18.75 mm olacak şekilde plakalar asılmıştır. Bu deneylerde yükseklikleri 18.75 mm olan plakalar kullanılmıştır. Deneylerin tamamı 25 mm'lik sığ suda yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma Reynolds sayısı Re= 5000'de parçacık görüntülemeli hız ölçüm tekniği kullanılarak yapılmıştır: Anlık ve ortalama hız vektörleri, akım çizgisi, türbülans istatistik değerleri toplamı 300 anlık imageler ile elde edilmiştir.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No

Elit sporcularda optimal performans duygu durumunun belirlenmesinde beş faktörlü kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçiliğin rolü

Elit Sporcularda Optimal Performans Duygu Durumunun Belirlenmesinde Beş Faktörlü Kişilik Özelliklerinin ve Mükemmeliyetçiliğin Rolü Amaç Elit sporcuların kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerin optimal performans duygu durumunu belirlemedeki rolünü araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın ikincil amacı ise bu psikolojik faktörlerin cinsiyet ve spor deneyimine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem Çalışmaya İstanbul ilinde 1. ve 2. liglerinde yer alan 119 kadın (ş=22.15 ±4.92) ve 144 erkek (ş =23.94 ±4.85) toplam 264 (ş =23.13 ±4.95) sporcu katılmıştır. Sporculara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” , “Sürekli Optimal Performans Duygu Durum-2 Ölçeği”, “Beş Faktörlü Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği” ve “Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Bulgular ve Sonuçlar Yapılan çoklu adımsal regresyon analiz sonuçları, kadın sporcuların gelişime açıklık ve öz denetim kişilik özelliklerinin optimal performans duygu durumunu yordadığını, erkek sporcularda ise bu iki kişilik özelliğinin yansıra dışa dönüklük kişilik özelliğinin de optimal performans duygu durumu belirlemede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı rol oynadığını göstermiştir (p0.05). Öte yandan, sporcuların mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerinde ve optimal performans duygu durumlarında spor deneyimine göre anlamlı farklılık bulunurken (p0.05). Sonuç olarak; sporcuların kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerinin, optimal performans duygu durumunu belirlemede rol oynadığı görülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Optimal performans duygu durumu, kişilik, mükemmeliyetçilik, elit sporcu. The Role of Big Five Personality Traits and Perfectionism in Determining Dispositional Flow in Elite Athletes ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the role of personality traits and perfectionism in determining dispositional flow of elite athletes. The secondary purpose of the study was to examine whether these psychological factors differ with regard to sex and year of sport experience. Methods One hundred nineteen female (Mage=22.15 ±4.92) and 114 male (Mage=23.94±4.85), totaly 236 (Mage=23.13 ±4.95) athletes voluntairly participated in this study. “Personal Information Form”, Dispositional Flow Scale-2”, “The Big Five Inventory” and “Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale” were administered to athletes. Findings and Conclusions The stepwise regression analysis results showed that for both males and females openness and conscientiousness personality traits significantly predicted flow state. Beside these two personality traits, extroversion was also significant predictor of flow experiences of male athletes (p0.05). There were also significant differences in in perfectionism and flow experiences of athletes (p0.05). As a result; personality traits and perfectionism dimensions of athletes play significant role in determining flow experiences. Key words: Flow, personality, perfectionism, elite athlet

Elit sporcularda optimal performans duygu durumunun belirlenmesinde beş faktörlü kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçiliğin rolü

Elit Sporcularda Optimal Performans Duygu Durumunun Belirlenmesinde Beş Faktörlü Kişilik Özelliklerinin ve Mükemmeliyetçiliğin RolüÖZETAmaçElit sporcuların kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerin optimal performans duygu durumunu belirlemedeki rolünü araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın ikincil amacı ise bu psikolojik faktörlerin cinsiyet ve spor deneyimine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir.Gereç ve YöntemÇalışmaya İstanbul ilinde 1. ve 2. liglerinde yer alan 119 kadın (ş=22.15 ±4.92) ve 144 erkek (ş =23.94 ±4.85) toplam 264 (ş =23.13 ±4.95) sporcu katılmıştır. Sporculara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” , “Sürekli Optimal Performans Duygu Durum-2 Ölçeği”, “Beş Faktörlü Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği” ve “Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır.Bulgular ve SonuçlarYapılan çoklu adımsal regresyon analiz sonuçları, kadın sporcuların gelişime açıklık ve öz denetim kişilik özelliklerinin optimal performans duygu durumunu yordadığını, erkek sporcularda ise bu iki kişilik özelliğinin yansıra dışa dönüklük kişilik özelliğinin de optimal performans duygu durumu belirlemede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı rol oynadığını göstermiştir (p0.05). Öte yandan, sporcuların mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerinde ve optimal performans duygu durumlarında spor deneyimine göre anlamlı farklılık bulunurken (p0.05). Sonuç olarak; sporcuların kişilik özelliklerinin ve mükemmeliyetçilik düzeylerinin,optimal performans duygu durumunu belirlemede rol oynadığı görülmektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: Optimal performans duygu durumu, kişilik, mükemmeliyetçilik, elit sporcu.The Role of Big Five Personality Traits and Perfectionism in Determining Dispositional Flow in Elite AthletesABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the role of personality traits and perfectionism in determining dispositional flow of elite athletes. The secondary purpose of the study was to examine whether these psychological factors differ with regard to sex and year of sport experience.MethodsOne hundred nineteen female (Mage=22.15 ±4.92) and 114 male (Mage=23.94±4.85), totaly 236 (Mage=23.13 ±4.95) athletes voluntairly participated in this study. “Personal Information Form”, Dispositional Flow Scale-2”, “The Big Five Inventory” and “Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale” were administered to athletes.Findings and ConclusionsThe stepwise regression analysis results showed that for both males and females openness and conscientiousness personality traits significantly predicted flow state. Beside these two personality traits, extroversion was also significant predictor of flow experiences of male athletes (p0.05). There were also significant differences in in perfectionism and flow experiences of athletes (p0.05). As a result; personality traits and perfectionism dimensions ofathletes play significant role in determining flow experiences.Key words: Flow, personality, perfectionism, elite athlet

Kistik Fibrozis Tanılı Hastalarda Glukoz Metabolizmasının Değerlendirilmesi

Cystic fibrosis is a multisystemic disease that affects all exocrine tissues including lung, digestive system (liver, biliary tract, pancreas, intestines), reproductive system (epididymis) and sweat glands. With the prolongation of life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients, disease-related complications have started to be seen more frequently. Recently, due to increased awareness and widespread application of screening tests these complications are more commonly observed. Glucose homeostasis disorders are among these complications. In patients with glucose homeostasis disorder, impaired glucose tolerance or cystic fibrosis related diabetes is seen. After sinus diseases, asthma and reflux, cystic fibrosis related diabetes, which is among the “other causes of diabetes” in current diabetes classification, is the most common complication in cystic fibrosis. Due to worsening of clinical condition, reduction of lung functions, deterioration in nutritional status, and decreased expectation of life these disorders have to be recognized and treated. Previous studies and national reports have shown that the incidence of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes is increased in patients aged 10 years and older. In the early period, cystic fibrosis related diabetes may have a clinical silent course. Therefore current guidelines recommend the evaluation of glucose metabolism annually in cystic fibrosis patients aged 10 years or older. In this study, 94 patients aged between 10 and 18 years who were followed-up in the outpatient clinic of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology Department between November 15, 2018 and March 15, 2019 were included. Oral glucose tolerance test was applied all patients and the results show that, 74 (78.7%) of the patients had normal glucose tolerance, 16 (17%) had impaired glucose tolerance and 4 (4.3%) had cystic fibrosis related diabetes. Patients with normal glucose tolerance and abnormal glucose tolerance were compared in terms of clinical features and laboratory parameters. In 25 (33.8%) of the patients with normal glucose tolerance, 14 (70%) of the patients with abnormal glucose tolerance had a family history of diabetes, and there was a statistically significant difference between these two groups (p=0,004). The median (quartile interval) number of antibiotics given for acute pulmonary exacerbation in the last year in patients with normal glucose tolerance was 2 (2,5) and it was 3 (3,5) in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0,004). Mean FEV1 percentage in normal glucose tolerance patients was 88.8 (± 24.4) and in abnormal glucose tolerance patients was 74.1 (± 26.3). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0,021). Liver disease was present in 21 (30%) of the patients with normal glucose tolerance and 11 (57.9%) of patients with abnormal glucose tolerance; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.025). The percentage of HbA1c was significantly different between patients with normal glucose tolerance and abnormal glucose tolerance (p 5,7. Sensitivity for this value was 75% (95%CI 50,9 - 91,3), and its specifity was 63,5% (95%CI 51,5 - 74,4). When the percentage of HbA1c >5,7 was used as a diagnostic criterion, 4 (20%) of 20 patients with cystic fibrosis related diabetes could not be diagnosed. Considering the effects of cystic fibrosis related diabetes on pulmonary functions, nutritional status and mortality, the rate of false negativity was considered to be clinically high. In conclusion, patients with abnormal glucose tolerance had a history of diabetes more frequently in their families. The number of acute pulmonary exacerbations they had in the last year was higher, the percentage of FEV1 was lower, and the incidence of liver disease was higher in both univariate and multivariate analyzes. When the percentage of HbA1c> 5,7 was used as a diagnostic criterion, the rate of false negativity was high. Low HbA1c percentages could not exclude abnormal glucose tolerance. Therefore, it should be recommended to use oral glucose tolerance test in screening of cystic fibrosis related diabetes until an easily applicable, cost-effective, sensitive and specific method that can be used widely for screening in all patients is developed.YokTEŞEKKÜR iii ÖZET iv ABSTRACT vii İÇİNDEKİLER x KISALTMALAR xi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ xiii TABLOLAR DİZİNİ xiv 1. GİRİŞ VE AMAÇ 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER 2 2.1. Tarihçe – Genetik 2 2.2. Patogenez 4 2.3. Klinik Bulgular 7 2.4. Kistik Fibrozise Bağlı Gelişen Diyabet 13 2.4.1. Epidemiyoloji 13 2.4.2. Risk Faktörleri 14 2.4.3. Patofizyoloji 14 2.4.4. Klinik Bulgular 19 2.4.5. Tarama 21 2.4.6. Tanı 25 2.4.7. Tedavi 27 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM 32 3.1. Çalışma Verileri 32 3.2. Tanımlar 33 3.3. Çalışma Kaynakları 34 3.4. İstatistiksel Yöntemler 34 4. BULGULAR 36 5. TARTIŞMA 56 6. SONUÇLAR 66 KAYNAKLAR 70 EKLER Ek 1. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu Onayı Ek 2. Kistik Fibrozis Tanılı Hastalarda Glukoz Metabolizmasının Değerlendirilmesi Çalışması Veri Toplama FormuKistik fibrozis akciğer, sindirim sistemi (karaciğer, safra yolları, pankreas, barsaklar), üreme sistemi (epididim), ter bezleri başta olma üzere tüm ekzokrin dokuları etkileyen multisistemik bir hastalıktır. Kistik fibrozis hastalarının yaşam sürelerinin uzaması ile birlikte hastalık ile ilişkili komplikasyonlar artan sıklıkta görülmeye başlamıştır. Son yıllarda artan farkındalık ve tarama testlerinin yaygın olarak uygulanması ile görülme sıklığı daha da artan glukoz homeostaz bozuklukları da bu komplikasyonlar arasındadır. Glukoz homeostaz bozukluğu olan kistik fibrozis hastalarında bozulmuş glukoz toleransı veya kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabet görülmektedir. Güncel diyabet sınıflamasında diğer nedenlere bağlı spesifik diyabet tipleri içerisinde yer alan kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabet, kistik fibrozis hastalarında sinüs hastalıkları, astım ve reflüden sonra en sık gelişen komplikasyondur. Kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabetin hastaların klinik durumunda kötüleşmeye neden olması, akciğer fonksiyonlarında azalma, beslenme durumlarında bozulma, yaşam süresi beklentisinde azalma ile ilişkilendirilmesi nedeniyle tanınması ve tedavi edilmesi gerekmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda ve ulusal verilerin sunulduğu raporlarda on yaş ve üzeri kistik fibrozis hastalarında kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabetin görülmeye başladığı ve sıklığının giderek arttığı gösterilmiştir. Kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabetin erken dönemde klinik sessiz gidişata sahip olabilmesi nedeniyle güncel rehberler on yaş ve üzeri kistik fibrozis hastalarında yıllık olarak glukoz metabolizmasının değerlendirilmesini önermektedir. Bu çalışmada 15 Kasım 2018 ile 15 Mart 2019 tarihleri arasında, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İhsan Doğramacı Çocuk Hastanesi Göğüs Hastalıkları Bilim Dalı’nda takipli olan ve rutin poliklinik kontrolüne gelen 10-18 yaş arası kistik fibrozis tanılı hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 94 hastaya 2 saatlik oral glukoz tolerans testi uygulanmış ve hastaların 74’ünde (%78,7) normal glukoz toleransı, 16’sında (%17) bozulmuş glukoz toleransı ve 4’ünde (%4,3) kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabet saptanmıştır. Normal ve anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastalar klinik özellikleri ve laboratuvar parametreleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Normal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların 25’inde (%33,8), anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların 14’ünde (%70) ailede diyabet öyküsü mevcut olup, iki grup arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p=0,004). Normal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların son bir yılda akut pulmoner alevlenme düşünülerek verilen toplam antibiyotik sayı ortancası (çeyrekler arası aralık) 2 (2,5) iken anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastalarda 3 (3,5) olup, iki grup arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p=0,004). FEV1 yüzdesi açısından bakıldığında normal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların ortalaması 88,8 (±24,4) iken anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların ortalaması 74,1 (±26,3) saptanmış olup, iki grup arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p=0,021). Karaciğer hastalığı normal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların 21’inde (%30), anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların 11’inde (%57,9) mevcut olup ve iki grup arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p=0,025). HbA1c yüzdesinin normal ve anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastalar arasında istatistiksel anlamlı şekilde farklı olduğu görülmüş (p5,7 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu değer için duyarlılık %75 (%95GA 50,9 – 91,3), seçicilik %63,5 (%95GA 51,5 – 74,4) saptanmıştır. HbA1c yüzdesi >5,7 tanı ölçütü olarak kullanıldığında 20 kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabet hastasının 4’üne (%20) tanı konamamaktadır. Kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabetin pulmoner fonksiyonlar, nutrisyonel durum ve mortalite üzerine etkileri göz önüne alındığında yanlış negatiflik oranının klinik olarak yüksek olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, anormal glukoz toleransı olan hastaların ailesinde diyabet öyküsünün daha sık olduğu, son bir yılda geçirdikleri akut pulmoner alevlenme sayısının daha yüksek olduğu, FEV1 yüzdesinin daha düşük olduğu ve karaciğer hastalığının görülme sıklığının daha yüksek olduğu hem tek değişkenli hem de çok değişkenli analizlerde saptanmıştır. HbA1c yüzdesi >5,7 tanı ölçütü olarak kullanıldığında yanlış negatiflik oranı yüksektir, düşük HbA1c yüzdeleri anormal glukoz toleransını dışlayamamaktadır. Bu nedenle hastalara duyarlılığı seçiciliği daha yüksek, tüm kistik fibrozis hastalarında tarama için yaygın kullanılabilecek kolay uygulanabilir maliyet etkin bir yöntem saptanana dek kistik fibrozise bağlı gelişen diyabetin taramasında oral glukoz tolerans testinin kullanılması önerilmelidir