Bir dizel motorun NEDC ve WLTC yöntemlerine göre emisyon değerlerinin karşılaştırılarak incelenmesi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Dünyada kullanılan araçların birçoğu geleneksel içten yanmalı motorlara sahip olup, fosil yakıtlar kullanmaktadırlar. Bu motorlardan zararlı gazlar ihtiva eden egzozemisyonları çevreye yayılarak, çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Motorlu taşıtların çalışması sonucu oluşan egzoz gazı emisyonları çevreyi kirletmesi sorunu uluslararası düzeyde sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu sorunun çözümü için 90'lı yıllarında başından itibaren binek araçlar için NEDC (New EuropeanDrivingCycle/Yeni Avrupa Sürüş Döngüsü) testi sonuçlarına göre emisyon limitleri uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Ayrıca emisyon limitleri yıllar içinde sıkılaştırılmıştır. Volkswagen firmasının Amerikada açığa çıkan sürümmanipulasyonı sonrası NEDC çevrimi yerine gerçek hayat koşullarını temsil edebilecek daha gerçekçi bir test prosedürünün elzem olduğu konusu gündeme gelmiştir. Bu sebeple Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu var olan NEDC test prosedürü değerlendirilmesi için komisyon kurmuştur. Komisyon gerçek hayatı daha iyi temsil edecek olan WLTC (World-wideharmonizedLightduty Test Cycle/Dünya Genelinde uyumlu Hafif Araç Test Döngüsü) test yöntemini geliştirmiştir. 2018 Eylül'ünden itibaren Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde binek araçların emisyon limitleri WLTC test prosedürüne göre değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada NEDC ve WLTC test yöntemleri kıyaslanacaktır, WLTC'nin hangi yönlerden gerçek hayat sürüş koşullarını daha iyi temsil ettiği belirlenecektir. NEDC ve WLTC test prosedürlerinin kıyaslanması kapsamında dizel binek bir araç her iki çevrim testinde karşılaştırılmalı olarak test edilecektir. NEDC ve WLTC test sonuçlarına göre emisyon değerleri ve yakıt tüketimi kıyaslanarak incelenecektir.Most of the vehicles used in the world have traditional internal combustion engines and use fossil fuels. Exhaust emissions that contain harmful gases from these engines spread to the environment and cause environmental pollution. The problem of polluting the environment is the problem of exhaust gas emissions resulting from the operation of motor vehicles at the international level. In order to solve this problem, emission limits have been applied since the beginning of 90s according to NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) test for passenger cars. In addition, emission limits have been tightened over the years. After the revised version manipulation of Volkswagen in America, the issue of a more realistic test procedure, which would represent real-life conditions, was essential rather than the NEDC cycle. For this reason, the European Commission set up a commission for the evaluation of the existing NEDC test procedure. The Commission has developed the WLTC (World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle) test method which will better represent the real life. As of September 2018, the emission limits of passenger cars in European Union Countries are evaluated according to the WLTC test procedure. Inthisstudy, the NEDC and WLTC test methodswill be compared, in whichways WLTC willbetterrepresentthereal life drivingconditions. Inthecomparison of NEDC and WLTC test procedures, a dieselpassengervehiclewill be testedcomparatively in bothcycletests. Accordingto NEDC and WLTC test results, theemissionvalues andfuelconsumptionwill be compared

Efecto de annealing sobre las propiedades estructurales, térmicas y mecánicas de la composición de aleación binaria Al85 Ni 15

Introduction: The Al 85-Ni15 alloy with 99.99% purity of Al and Ni were prepared by an arc melting technique system. The annealing effect onthe microstructure properties, phase transformation and micro-hardness for the Al-Ni alloy system were investigated. Material and Methods:The alloys were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) as well as Vickers micro-hardness measurement. Results and Discussion: The quantitative results confirm that the chemical composition of the alloys is very close to compositions and the microstructures are in typical lamellar morphology. Mechanical properties for the as-prepared samples and subsequently heat-treated samples were measured by a Vickers indenter. Values of the micro-hardness (HV) Conclusions: According the XRD pattern analysis a multi phases produced, such as Al, AlNi3in room temperature, Al3Ni2, Al0.42Ni0.58 at 200ºC, Al1.1Ni0.9 at 300ºC and Al 0.802Ni0.198, AlNi3 and AlNi at 400ºC, and Al0.802Ni0.198, AlNi3 and AlNi for 500ºC. Similar approached were obtained from the results of SEM and DTA measurements. Annealing treatments are visibly affecting the alloy phase formation with different phases at different temperature. and the elastic modulus (E) of the as prepared sample are 132.9±0.1 kgfmm-2 (1.329±0.1 GPa) and 80.340±0.1 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, the characteristic of the materials plasticity (δH) value was calculated to be 0.85. The micro-hardness values are decrease with the increase of annealing temperatures

Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycemic index on cardiovascular risk factors: the diet, obesity, and genes (DiOGenes) study: a randomized, controlled trial

BACKGROUND: We sought to separately examine the effects of either weight loss or diets varying in protein content and glycemic index without further changes in body weight on cardiovascular risk factors within the Diet, Obesity, and Genes study (DiOGenes). METHODS AND RESULTS: DiOGenes is a pan-European controlled dietary intervention study in 932 overweight adults who first lost body weight on an 8-week low-calorie diet and were then randomized to 1 of 5 ad libitum diets for 26 weeks. The diets were either high or low protein or high or low glycemic index in 4 combinations or control. Weight loss (-11.23 kg; 95% confidence interval, -11.54 to -10.92; P<0.001) reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-1.15 mg/L; 95% confidence interval, -1.30 to -0.41; P<0.001), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure. During the 26-week weight maintenance period in the intention-to-treat analysis, the further decrease of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein blood levels was -0.46 mg/L greater (95% confidence interval, -0.79 to -0.13) in the groups assigned to low-glycemic-index diets than in those on high-glycemic-index diets (P<0.001). Groups on low-protein diets achieved a -0.25 mg/L greater reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (95% confidence interval, -0.59 to -0.17) than those on high-protein diets (P<0.001), whereas lipid profiles and blood pressure were not differently affected. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale intervention study clearly separates weight loss from dietary composition-related effects. Low-glycemic-index carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, low-protein intake may specifically reduce low-grade inflammation and associated comorbidities in overweight/obese adults

Is There a Place for Dietary Fiber Supplements in Weight Management?

Inadequate dietary fiber intake is common in modern diets, especially in children. Epidemiological and experimental evidence point to a significant association between a lack of fiber intake and ischemic heart disease, stroke atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as gastrointestinal disorders such as diverticulosis, irritable bowel disease, colon cancer, and cholelithiasis. The physiological effects of fiber relate to the physical properties of volume, viscosity, and water-holding capacity that the fiber imparts to food leading to important influences over the energy density of food. Beyond these physical properties, fiber directly impacts a complex array of microbiological, biochemical, and neurohormonal effects directly through modification of the kinetics of digestion and through its metabolism into constituents such as short chain fatty acids, which are both energy substrates and important enteroendocrine ligands. Of particular interest to clinicians is the important role dietary fiber plays in glucoregulation, appetite, and satiety. Supplementation of the diet with highly functional fibers may prove to play an important role in long-term obesity management

Influence of negative publicity on the attractiveness of employers

Durch die Entwicklung des Web 2.0 und der Social-Media-Kanäle wandelt sich die Gesellschaft enorm. Die online Interaktion erleichtert dem Nutzer, sich viel einfacher über Erfahrungen und Meinungen über ein Unternehmen zu informieren. Ob in den Sozialen Medien oder durch die Öffentlichkeit, die Verbreitung von Gerüchten funktioniert immer schneller und großflächiger. Dabei geraten die Unternehmen schneller in den Fokus und das Gerücht kann das Image eines Unternehmens schädigen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Einflüsse der negativen Öffentlichkeit auf die Arbeitgeberattraktivität aufgezeigt. Danach werden Handlungsempfehlungen für Unternehmen aufgezeigt, um Skandale und Shitstorms bestmöglich zu bewältigen. Anhand des Automobilherstellers Volkswagen sollen die Auswirkungen der negativen Öffentlichkeit verdeutlicht werden

Дослідження впливу відпалу на питомий опір аморфних сплавів на основі алюмінію

In this study, electrical properties of Al-Y-Ni alloys produced by melt-spinning method were investigated. Before annealing, XRD analyzes were performed and the samples were found to be amorphous. Exothermic peaks were observed in DSC measurements and crystallization stages of the alloys were determined. Al85Y11Ni4, Al85Y10Ni5 and Al85Y5Ni10 samples were annealed at some temperature and their electrical resistivity was measured by four-point method. The large decrease in resistivity was observed during crystallization between 200&nbsp;-&nbsp;400&nbsp;˚C. These results were consistent with XRD and DSC measurements.У статті досліджено електричні властивості сплавів Al-Y-Ni, отриманих методом з розплаву. Перед відпалюванням проведено&nbsp;XRD-аналіз та виявлено аморфність зразків. При&nbsp;DSC-вимірюваннях спостерігалися екзотермічні піки та визначено стадії кристалізації сплавів. Зразки Al85Y11Ni4, Al85Y10Ni5&nbsp;та Al85Y5Ni10відпалювали&nbsp;при певній температурі, а їх електричний опір вимірювали чотиризондовим методом. Під час кристалізації в інтервалі (200 - 400) °C спостерігається суттєве пониження питомого опору. Ці результати відповідали даним, отриманим із вимірюваннь XRD та DSC

A Model for the Crystal Structure of the Human Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Enzyme

Amaç: Ökaryotik metilentetrahidrofolat redüktaz enzimi (MTHFR) olarak bilinen ve total olarak 656 aminoasitten oluşan bu enzim homodimer yapıdadır. Her ünitesi katalitik ve düzenleyici bölgelerden oluşmaktadır. MTHFR enzminin katalitik olarak aktivite gösterebilmesi için flavin-adenin dinükleotid (FAD)'in MTHFR'ye nonkovalent olarak bağlanması gerekmektedir. İnsan MTHFR enziminin geni kromozom 1p36.3'te lokalizedir. Genin dördüncü ekzonunda yerleşmiş olan MTHFR 677 C>T polimorfizmi, proteinin 222. kodonundaki alaninin valine (Ala222Val) dönüşümüne neden olmaktadır. İnsan MTHFR proteini için, proteinin kristal yapısının ortaya koyulması ile ilgili bir çalışma olmaması nedeniyle, bu çalışma ile MTHFR proteininin kristal yapısı hakkında bir model oluşturmayı amaçladık. Ayrıca MTHFR677 C>T polimorfizmi neticesinde ortaya çıkan Ala222Val değişikliğinin insan MTHFR enziminin kristal yapısında oluşturduğu değişiklikleri ortaya koymayı hedefledik. Metod: Bu amaçla, moleküler modelleme teknikleri olarak MOE bilgisayar programı (versiyon 2013.0801, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Kanada) kullandık. Bulgular: İnsandaki MTHFR enzimi ile FAD arasındaki bağların Tyr50, Gly108, Asp109, Tyr149, Arg107, Ala127, Lys169 Tyr126, His153 ve His165 aminoasitleri üzerinden olduğunu, Tyr126 ve His165 arasındaki çift bağın FAD'ı sıkıştırma özelliği olabileceğini gördük. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, insan MTHFR enziminin kristal yapısı hakkında bir model ortaya koyuldu ve Ala222Val değişikliğinin FAD bağlanma durumunu etkilemesi yüzünden, enzim aktivitesine etki ettiği tespit edildiBackgrounds: The enzyme known as eukaryotic methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and consists of 656 amino acids, has a homodimer structure. Each units of this enzyme consists of catalytic and regulator areas. For the catalytic activity of this enzyme, FAD must be connected with MTHFR by noncovalent bonds. The gene of human MTHFR enzyme is localized at chromosome 1p36.3. A C>T transition at nucleotide position 677 is located in the fourth exon of the MTHFR gene which results the conversion of alanine to valine at codon 222 of the protein. We aimed to form a model about the crystal structure of MTHFR because of there is no study about the crystal structure of the protein that put forth. In addition, we aimed to put forth the changes in the crystal structure of MTHFR by Ala222Val change as a result of MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism. Methods: To this end, we used MOE computer programme as molecular modeling techniques (version 013.0801, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Canada).Results: We saw that the bonds between MTHFR enzyme in human and FAD are over the amino acids Tyr50, Gly108, Asp109, Tyr149, Arg107, Ala127, Lys169 Tyr126, His153 and His165 and the double bond between Tyr126 and His165 may be because of the compression feature.Conclusions: Consequently, a model has set forth about the crystal structure of MTHFR in human and because of the Ala222val changes affect the status of the FAD binding, to influence the enzyme activity was determine

A Model for the Crystal Structure of the Human Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Enzyme

Amaç: Ökaryotik metilentetrahidrofolat redüktaz enzimi (MTHFR) olarak bilinen ve total olarak 656 aminoasitten oluşan bu enzim homodimer yapıdadır. Her ünitesi katalitik ve düzenleyici bölgelerden oluşmaktadır. MTHFR enzminin katalitik olarak aktivite gösterebilmesi için flavin-adenin dinükleotid (FAD)'in MTHFR'ye nonkovalent olarak bağlanması gerekmektedir. İnsan MTHFR enziminin geni kromozom 1p36.3'te lokalizedir. Genin dördüncü ekzonunda yerleşmiş olan MTHFR 677 C>T polimorfizmi, proteinin 222. kodonundaki alaninin valine (Ala222Val) dönüşümüne neden olmaktadır. İnsan MTHFR proteini için, proteinin kristal yapısının ortaya koyulması ile ilgili bir çalışma olmaması nedeniyle, bu çalışma ile MTHFR proteininin kristal yapısı hakkında bir model oluşturmayı amaçladık. Ayrıca MTHFR677 C>T polimorfizmi neticesinde ortaya çıkan Ala222Val değişikliğinin insan MTHFR enziminin kristal yapısında oluşturduğu değişiklikleri ortaya koymayı hedefledik. Metod: Bu amaçla, moleküler modelleme teknikleri olarak MOE bilgisayar programı (versiyon 2013.0801, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Kanada) kullandık. Bulgular: İnsandaki MTHFR enzimi ile FAD arasındaki bağların Tyr50, Gly108, Asp109, Tyr149, Arg107, Ala127, Lys169 Tyr126, His153 ve His165 aminoasitleri üzerinden olduğunu, Tyr126 ve His165 arasındaki çift bağın FAD'ı sıkıştırma özelliği olabileceğini gördük. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, insan MTHFR enziminin kristal yapısı hakkında bir model ortaya koyuldu ve Ala222Val değişikliğinin FAD bağlanma durumunu etkilemesi yüzünden, enzim aktivitesine etki ettiği tespit edildiBackgrounds: The enzyme known as eukaryotic methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and consists of 656 amino acids, has a homodimer structure. Each units of this enzyme consists of catalytic and regulator areas. For the catalytic activity of this enzyme, FAD must be connected with MTHFR by noncovalent bonds. The gene of human MTHFR enzyme is localized at chromosome 1p36.3. A C>T transition at nucleotide position 677 is located in the fourth exon of the MTHFR gene which results the conversion of alanine to valine at codon 222 of the protein. We aimed to form a model about the crystal structure of MTHFR because of there is no study about the crystal structure of the protein that put forth. In addition, we aimed to put forth the changes in the crystal structure of MTHFR by Ala222Val change as a result of MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism. Methods: To this end, we used MOE computer programme as molecular modeling techniques (version 013.0801, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Canada).Results: We saw that the bonds between MTHFR enzyme in human and FAD are over the amino acids Tyr50, Gly108, Asp109, Tyr149, Arg107, Ala127, Lys169 Tyr126, His153 and His165 and the double bond between Tyr126 and His165 may be because of the compression feature.Conclusions: Consequently, a model has set forth about the crystal structure of MTHFR in human and because of the Ala222val changes affect the status of the FAD binding, to influence the enzyme activity was determine

The studies about diseases concerning with contemplated MTHFR 677 C>T polymorphism

5,10-Methlenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is one of the most important enzymes for folic acid metabolism. This protein’s gene is mapped on chromosome 1, which is located at the end of the short arm (1p36.3). MTHFR enzyme plays a key role in cell metabolism including folic acid and nucleotide synthesis (DNA, RNA). Polymorphism is also a factor in biodiversity, and is different according to ethnic heritage and racial. The 677 C>T is also MTHFR polymorphisms that decrease MTHFR enzyme activity. The aim of this study is to compile studies are associated with MTHFR C677T polymorphism. PUBMED, Turk Biochemistry and Jornal of Clinical & Experimental Investigations were searched to develop an investigatory pursuit strategy. MTHFR, Turkish population, 677 C>T and polymorphisms were key words including “MTHFR”, “Türk popülasyonu: Turkish population”, “677 C>T” “polimorfizm: polymorphism” used to focus the search. The literature review included all published relevant Turkish population and MTHFR polymorphisms for that all of study. The data of selected polymorphism for Turkish population was listed in tables for easy access and retrieval