Expert Elicitation on Wind Farm Control

Wind farm control is an active and growing field of research in which the control actions of individual turbines in a farm are coordinated, accounting for inter-turbine aerodynamic interaction, to improve the overall performance of the wind farm and to reduce costs. The primary objectives of wind farm control include increasing power production, reducing turbine loads, and providing electricity grid support services. Additional objectives include improving reliability or reducing external impacts to the environment and communities. In 2019, a European research project (FarmConners) was started with the main goal of providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in wind farm control, identifying consensus of research findings, data sets, and best practices, providing a summary of the main research challenges, and establishing a roadmap on how to address these challenges. Complementary to the FarmConners project, an IEA Wind Topical Expert Meeting (TEM) and two rounds of surveys among experts were performed. From these events we can clearly identify an interest in more public validation campaigns. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the mechanical loads and the uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of wind farm control are considered two major research gaps

Self-love and sociability: the ‘rudiments of commerce’ in the state of nature

Istvan Hont’s classic work on the theoretical links between the seventeenth-century natural jurists Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf and the eighteenth-century Scottish political economists remains a popular trope among intellectual and economic historians of various stamps. Despite this, a common criticism levelled at Hont remains his relative lack of engagement with the relationship between religion and economics in the early modern period. This paper challenges this aspect of Hont’s narrative by drawing attention to an alternative, albeit complementary, assessment of the natural jurisprudential heritage of eighteenth-century British political economy. Specifically, the article attempts to map on to Hont’s thesis the Christian Stoic interpretation of Grotius and Pufendorf which has gained greater currency in recent years. In doing so, the paper argues that Grotius and Pufendorf’s contributions to the ‘unsocial sociability’ debate do not necessarily lead directly to the Scottish school of political economists, as is commonly assumed. Instead, it contends that a reconsideration of Grotius and Pufendorf as neo-Stoic theorists, particularly via scrutiny of their respective adaptations of the traditional Stoic theory of oikeiosis, steers us towards the heart of the early English ‘clerical’ Enlightenment

Strategies in 'snake venomics' aiming at an integrative view of compositional, functional, and immunological characteristics of venoms

This work offers a general overview on the evolving strategies for the proteomic analysis of snake venoms, and discusses how these may be combined through diverse experimental approaches with the goal of achieving a more comprehensive knowledge on the compositional, toxic, and immunological characteristics of venoms. Some recent developments in this field are summarized, highlighting how strategies have evolved from the mere cataloguing of venom components (proteomics/venomics), to a broader exploration of their immunological (antivenomics) and functional (toxicovenomics) characteristics. Altogether, the combination of these complementary strategies is helping to build a wider, more integrative view of the life-threatening protein cocktails produced by venomous snakes, responsible for thousands of deaths every year.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/[BFU2013-42833-P]//EspañaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP

Idrar örneklerinin değerlendirilmesinde yeni bir skorlama yöntemi

Objective: The aim of this study was to find a scoring methodbefore carrying out a culture in patients with urinary systeminfections.Methods: The urine samples of 550 patients sent to our laboratorywere cultured with standard methods. Pyuria and bacteriuriawere evaluated with microscopic examination of the urine.Combur 10-Test ® M 100 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim,Germany) was used for leucocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite tests.Symptoms of patients were recorded.Results: Bacterial growth in 68 (12.4%) and contamination in 24(4.4%) cases was detected, while there was no growth in 458(83.3%) cases. Groups of five (symptom, Thoma counting chamber,Gram stain, LE and nitrite), four (symptom, Gram stain, LEand nitrite) and three (symptom, Gram stain and nitrite) parameterswere evaluated. Culture was positive in all 38 patients with2 or more score points in the three-parameter group. Thus, sensitivityof the method was 100% when at least two parameters ofsymptom, Gram stain and nitrite were positive.Conclusions: Three parameters can be a guide for preliminarydiagnosis and empirical therapy before urine culture, althoughthe culture method is still the gold standard in diagnosing urinarysystem infection

Effect of submucosal application of tramadol on postoperative pain after third molar surgery

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of submucosal application of tramadol, for acute postoperative facial pain, following the extraction of impacted third molar teeth. This prospective, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study included 60 ASA I-II patients undergoing impacted third molar surgery under local anaesthesia. Following the surgical procedure, patients were randomly divided into two groups; group T (1 mg/kg tramadol) and group S (2-mL saline). Treatments were applied submucosally after surgery. Pain after extraction was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. The time at which the first analgesic drug was taken, the total analgesic dose used, and adverse tissue reactions were also evaluated. In group T, postoperative VAS scores were significantly lower compared to that in group S (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that post-operative submucosal application of tramadol is an effective method for reducing acute post-operative facial pain after impacted third molar surgery

In vitro evaluation of E. coli and S. epidermidis adhesion on dressing materials used in hypospadias repair

Background: An in vitro study was performed to evaluate the adherence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis to different dressing materials. Methods: Hydrophyl gauze swab (GS), sterile flax swab (FS), and their nitrofurazone (Furacin®) absorbed forms (GSF and FSF), sterile paraffin-covered gauze with chlorhexidine acetate (0.5 %) (Bactigrass®, BG), and semipermeable transparent film gauze (Tegaderm®, TG) were used in the study. A 1 cm 2 of each material was placed in culture plates, and E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 were suspended in each plate. After 24, 48 h, and 1 week of incubation period, colony counts were calculated in colony-forming units (CFU) per square centimeter unit. Bacterial adhesion was compared between groups, and each dressing material was also compared for different incubation periods (24, 48 h, and 1 week). Results: The colony counts were significantly decreased in GSF and FSF groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, p &lt; 0.05). There was no difference for E. coli adhesion in GS, FS, BG, and TG groups (p &gt; 0.05). The significant difference detected for S. epidermidis adhesion in the first 24 to 48 h could not be detected at the end of a 1-week period. There was no statistical difference in groups when compared for 24-, 48-h, and 1-week periods of incubations (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p &gt; 0.05). In BG group, E. coli adhesion was increased, and S. epidermidis adhesion was decreased without a significant difference at the end of a 1-week period (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Nitrofurazone absorbed sterile gauze materials have less bacterial adhesion. In vitro adhesion of E. coli and S. epidermidis did not differ between the 24-h and 1-week period. E. coli adhesion to BG can be increased if the duration of dressing prolonged up to a 1-week period.Level of Evidence: Not ratable. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.DA12/06The study was supported by the Baskent University Scientific Research Fund (DA12/06).Acknowledgments The study is supported by Başkent University Research Fund