Análisis de la integración territorial de Centroamérica por la Ruta Colonial y de los Volcanes

Central America has been historically conceived as an unified territory from a perspective of homogeneity both for its environmental features and even for some socio-cultural traits among its nations. Economic development has recently, started, due to the political events that devastated the region, and several attempts have been made to strengthen ties between countries. About this assumption, the Colonial and Volcanoes Route arises as a proposal for tourist integration. However, tourism tends to generate its own territoriality, a scenario that was not conducive to regional integration. The aim of this paper is to reveal the territorial organization of Central America as a tourist product, so an approach to the nodes is made. From this theoretical position, the way in which some nodes develop territorial ties with only a few of their counterparts in the region is revealed.Centroamérica ha sido concebida históricamente como un territorio unificado desde una perspectiva de la homogeneidad tanto por sus rasgos ambientales e incluso por algunos rasgos socio-culturales entre sus naciones. Con un desarrollo económico reciente, debido a los acontecimientos políticos que asolaron a la región, son diversos los intentos por reforzar los lazos entre países. Bajo este supuesto, la Ruta Colonial y de los Volcanes surge como propuesta de integración turística, sin embargo, el turismo tiende a generar su propia territorialidad, escenario que no resultó propicio para la integración regional centroamericana. El objetivo de este artículo es revelar la conformación territorial de Centroamérica como producto turístico, por lo que se realiza una aproximación a los nodos que conforman la ruta desde una tipología de los espacios turísticos. Desde esta postura teórica se revela la forma en que los nodos generan lazos territoriales sólo con algunos de sus homólogos al interior del istmo.Centroamérica ha sido concebida históricamente como un territorio unificado desde una perspectiva de la homogeneidad tanto por sus rasgos ambientales e incluso por algunos rasgos socio-culturales entre sus naciones. Con un desarrollo económico reciente, debido a los acontecimientos políticos que asolaron a la región, son diversos los intentos por reforzar los lazos entre países. Bajo este supuesto, la Ruta Colonial y de los Volcanes surge como propuesta de integración turística, sin embargo, el turismo tiende a generar su propia territorialidad, escenario que no resultó propicio para la integración regional centroamericana. El objetivo de este artículo es revelar la conformación territorial de Centroamérica como producto turístico, por lo que se realiza una aproximación a los nodos que conforman la ruta desde una tipología de los espacios turísticos. Desde esta postura teórica se revela la forma en que los nodos generan lazos territoriales sólo con algunos de sus homólogos al interior del istmo

Factores que limitan el crecimiento del sector restaurantes de tres, cuatro y cinco tenedores en el centro histórico de la ciudad del Cusco

En esta tesis se identifica los principales factores que limitan el crecimiento en el sector restaurantes de tres, cuatro y cinco tenedores en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad del Cusco. Para ello, se realizó una exploración cualitativa a través de 19 entrevistas a profundidad a los dueños, gerentes, administradores y/o especialistas en rubro de restaurantes de tres, cuatro y cinco tenedores en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad del Cusco. Los resultados sugieren que los principales factores que limitan el crecimiento del sector restaurantes son la inseguridad y conflictos sociales que se presentan en huelgas y paros, otro factor limitante es el escaso personal capacitado, si bien existen centros de estudio e institutos que brindan especialización vinculada al rubro restaurantes, esta especialización es enfocada en un conocimiento teórico haciendo falta experiencia y aún más importante la calidad de servicio al cliente, probablemente esto pueda ser un aspecto personal más que de la instrucción, pero evidentemente es uno de los principales problemas. Asimismo, se identificó que el tiempo que demora el trámite para la instalación o apertura de un nuevo restaurante es un factor que limita su crecimiento, debido a que la demora es extensa y se convierten en trámites burocráticos. Entidades como el Municipio Provincial del Cusco, DIRCETUR, APDAYC, Defensa Civil y el Ministerio de Cultura, tienen diversas exigencias y cada una de estas dilatan el tiempo total de los trámites necesarios y no existe una centralización o unificación de dichos requerimientos. En el estudio se concluye que existen factores limitantes para el crecimiento del sector restaurante, las cuales fueron recopiladas de las opiniones de los entrevistados y se espera sean de ayuda para las actuales y futuras empresas del sector.This thesis identifies the main factors limiting the growth in the restaurant sector three, four, five forks in the historic center of the city of Cusco. For this purpose, a qualitative survey was conducted through 19 in-depth interviews to the owners, managers, administrators and / or specialists in the heading of restaurants three, four and five-star in the historic center of the city of Cusco. The results suggest that one of the main factors limiting the growth of the restaurants sector are insecurity and social conflicts that arise in strikes and stoppages. Another limiting factor is the insufficient trained staff, although there are research centers and institutes that provide specialization category related to restaurants, this specialization is focused on theoretical knowledge by lack of experience and more importantly the quality of customer service, probably this may be a personal aspect that instruction but is clearly one of the main problems. These two factors limit presented in operating restaurants. This study also identified as factors limiting growth, considering installing or opening a new restaurant, the time it takes the steps in making these bureaucratic institutions such as Municipality, DIRCETUR, APDAYC, Civil Defense and Ministry of Culture, have different requirements and each of these adds to the total time of the necessary procedures and there is no centralization or unification of these requirements. The study concludes that there are limiting factors for growth of the restaurant industry, which were compiled from the opinions of those interviewed and are expected to be of help to present and future companies.Tesi

Evaluation of microbiological safety in bioinputs produced in Mexico

Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions. Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994. Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values <3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs.  Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions. Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994. Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values <3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs

Microbiomas y su importancia en el contexto de la producción de alimentos

El avance en el desarrollo de plataformas de secuenciación ha hecho posible la generación y análisis de grandes cantidades de información en tiempos reducidos, lo que ha mejorado de manera sustancial el poder de resolución de dichas estrategias. El objetivo de la presente revisión, fue recopilar información de artículos científicos relacionada con el desarrollo de las ciencias ómicas y su aplicación al estudio de microbiomas relacionados con la producción de alimentos, así como el papel de los microbiomas en el desarrollo de la industria alimentaria. Para ello, se realizó un estudio bibliográfico descriptivo basado en la búsqueda y revisión de artículos en tres de las principales bases de datos disponibles. Los resultados muestran que las diversas disciplinas que forman parte de las ciencias ómicas, aplicadas al estudio de microbiomas asociados a la producción de alimentos, ha permitido tener un mayor conocimiento sobre la composición, estructura, sucesión y función de las comunidades microbianas involucradas en la producción de alimentos, sobre todo de aquellos que dependen de procesos de fermentación espontánea, la cual se caracteriza por involucrar comunidades microbianas complejas. Además, ha servido para explorar el potencial probiótico de los integrantes del microbioma, lo que facilita su selección para ser incluidos en el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales, al tiempo que facilitan estudiar la eficacia y efectos de su inclusión en la producción de alimentos tradicionales. En conclusión, la información revisada demuestra que la integración de diversas disciplinas de las ciencias -ómicas ha permitido una mejor comprensión del microbioma y del potencial biotecnológico del mismo, además de que ha sido un aprovechamiento útil para evaluar los efectos y efectividad de la inclusión de microorganismos con potencial probiótico, fundamental en el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales

Histamine signaling and metabolism identify potential biomarkers and therapies for lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Biomarcador; Histamina; LimfangioleiomiomatosiBiomarcador; Histamina; LinfangioleiomiomatosisBiomarker; Histamine; LymphangioleiomyomatosisInhibition of mTOR is the standard of care for lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). However, this therapy has variable tolerability and some patients show progressive decline of lung function despite treatment. LAM diagnosis and monitoring can also be challenging due to the heterogeneity of symptoms and insufficiency of non-invasive tests. Here, we propose monoamine-derived biomarkers that provide preclinical evidence for novel therapeutic approaches. The major histamine-derived metabolite methylimidazoleacetic acid (MIAA) is relatively more abundant in LAM plasma, and MIAA values are independent of VEGF-D. Higher levels of histamine are associated with poorer lung function and greater disease burden. Molecular and cellular analyses, and metabolic profiling confirmed active histamine signaling and metabolism. LAM tumorigenesis is reduced using approved drugs targeting monoamine oxidases A/B (clorgyline and rasagiline) or histamine H1 receptor (loratadine), and loratadine synergizes with rapamycin. Depletion of Maoa or Hrh1 expression, and administration of an L-histidine analog, or a low L-histidine diet, also reduce LAM tumorigenesis. These findings extend our knowledge of LAM biology and suggest possible ways of improving disease management.This research was supported by AELAM, The LAM Foundation (Seed Grant 2019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants PI15/00854, PI18/01029, and ICI19/00047 (co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), a way to build Europe), Generalitat de Catalunya SGR grants 2014-364 and 2017-449, the CERCA Program, and ZonMW-TopZorg grant 842002003. C.L.M. acknowledges the financial support (PRA-2017-51 project) of the University of Pisa. A.U.K. is supported by Nottingham Trent University’s Independent Fellowship Scheme

Efecto de la recuperación nutricia en la concentración sérica de lipoperoxidos en niños con desnutrición proteínico-energética primaria grave.

Objective. The purpose is to show lipid peroxide’s serum concentration trend during a four-week nutritional recovery period in children with primary and severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Methods. In a clinical intervention 12 primarily and severely malnourished children (three to 48 months of age) were included. Dependent variable: Serum lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration (nmol/mL). Independent variables: non lactose starting infant formula (200 kcal/kg/d and proteins 4 g/kg/d). Age, sex, nutritional recovery, weight/age, length/age and weight/length indices calculated and expressed as Z scores were included. For statistical analysis a repeated measure ANOVA model was applied. A non-parametric Mann Whitney U-Test was used to compare groups. Null hypothesis was rejected with a p value 0.05. Results. Throughout the study the LPO concentration was higher in subjects with PEM than in the control group (p< 0.001). There was a decrease in the LPO concentration (nmol/mL) between basal vs. two weeks (12.9 vs. 7.3, p = 0.06) and basal vs. four weeks (12.9 vs. 8.16, p = 0.08). Conclusion. LPO concentrations were significantly higher in children with severe PEM at the beginning and end of the four-week nutritional recovery period. This finding was probably associated with increased metabolism of the cellular tissue and/or the high consumption of energy and nutrients compared to a control group. The null hypothesis of basal-end differences in LPO serum concentrations could not be rejected due to the great variability in serum lipoperoxides in these children with severe primary proteinenergy malnutrition

Conflictos Socioambientales en Jalisco

El PAP Alter CÓDIGO, en su periodo de otoño, trabajó en colaboración con la Escuela para Defensoras del Territorio Benita Galeana, para dar continuación al proyecto de la creación de una campaña de fondeo que busca recaudar fondos que se destinen a la mejora del diseño estructural y del servicio que brindan. Se fijaron objetivos para la creación de contenido, que sea coherente con los valores de la Escuela y con los objetivos de la campaña. Esto se hizo para que se le de reconocimiento a la Escuela para Defensoras, al Mercadito Flor de Luna, a la situación socioambiental en la que vivimos y a las alternativas que existen. Por otro lado, se fijaron objetivos específicos internos para la organización del equipo PAP. Este proyecto se realizó a partir y a la par de una metodología: la etnografía. Esta ayuda a que comprendamos mejor la forma en la que las personas se desarrollan, cómo viven, qué quieren expresar, y nos da bases para poder adaptar el contenido a esto. Al final del proyecto, se entregó toda la producción de la campaña, es decir, la programación y contenidos listos para que se lance la campaña, además de manuales que explican cada uno de los segmentos de la creación de la misma para que pueda ser replicable tanto por el mismo PAP como por las integrantes de la Escuela de Defensoras

Examining the validity and consistency of the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire-Español (AEBQ-Esp) and its relationship to BMI in a Mexican population

Purpose: Appetitive traits in adults and their associations with weight can be measured using the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ). The aim of this study was to confirm the factor structure of the Spanish AEBQ (AEBQ-Esp) in a Mexican sample and explore associations between the eight traits with body mass index (BMI). Method: A sample of 1023 adults, mean age of 36.8 ± 12.8 years, was recruited from Guadalajara, Mexico. Researchers weighed and measured participants, and they completed the AEBQ-Esp either online or in paper format and reported sociodemographic data. To test two alternative factor structures (eight factors including Hunger; seven factors excluding Hunger), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Internal reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha; test–retest reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients. Multivariate linear regressions were used to test for associations between the AEBQ subscales and BMI, adjusted for age, sex, format of AEBQ responses, education, marital and employment status. Results: A seven-factor structure was the best model fit using CFA, excluding the Hunger subscale but similar to the original AEBQ. Internal reliability was good for all subscales (Cronbach’s α = 0.70–0.86), and the intra-class correlation coefficient (0.70–0.91) reflected good test–retest reliability. In the fully adjusted models, Satiety Responsiveness [β = − 0.61; (− 1.01, − 0.21)] and Slowness in Eating [β = − 0.70; (− 1.01, − 0.39)] were negatively associated with BMI, and Emotional Over-Eating [β = 0.94; (0.62, 1.27)] was positively associated with BMI. Conclusions: The AEBQ-Esp (excluding Hunger) appears to be a valid and reliable psychometric questionnaire for measuring appetitive traits in a Mexican Spanish-speaking population. Some traits appear to be associated with BMI in adulthood and warrant further exploration. Level of evidence: Level III evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies. Although this was just an observational study, it was well designed and provided new evidence

Assessing Associations between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 Functional Module and Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers

While interplay between BRCA1 and AURKA-RHAMM-TPX2-TUBG1 regulates mammary epithelial polarization, common genetic variation in HMMR (gene product RHAMM) may be associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Following on these observations, we further assessed the link between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers and subsequently analyzed using a retrospective likelihood approach. The association of HMMR rs299290 with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers was confirmed: per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.15, p = 1.9 x 10(-4) (false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p = 0.043). Variation in CSTF1, located next to AURKA, was also found to be associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs2426618 per-allele HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.16, p = 0.005 (FDR-adjusted p = 0.045). Assessment of pairwise interactions provided suggestions (FDR-adjusted pinteraction values > 0.05) for deviations from the multiplicative model for rs299290 and CSTF1 rs6064391, and rs299290 and TUBG1 rs11649877 in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Following these suggestions, the expression of HMMR and AURKA or TUBG1 in sporadic breast tumors was found to potentially interact, influencing patients' survival. Together, the results of this study support the hypothesis of a causative link between altered function of AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 and breast carcinogenesis in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers