El área urbana funcional de Madrid (1991-2011). Metodología y resultados de una propuesta de delimitación y caracterización multicriterio

Esta investigación centra su atención en el análisis de los procesos constitutivos de lo urbano, más allá de las delimitaciones territoriales administrativas. Es fundamental arrojar luz sobre dichos procesos para estudiar las dinámicas y disyuntivas que enfrentan nuestros desiguales territorios urbanos. Con esta visión se propone una metodología para delimitar el área urbana funcional de Madrid y establecer sobre ella una diferenciación zonal que conjugue la existencia de un gradiente de intensidad de sus procesos constitutivos con la fracturación social de su espacio. Por último, un análisis multicriterio, a través de la generación de índices sintéticos, comparativos entre las diferentes zonas demarcadas, aportará una base descriptiva sobre la que evaluar tanto el acierto metodológico de la delimitación y caracterización del área funcional como su modelo evolutivo de desarrollo durante las últimas dos décadas. Los datos obtenidos arrojan luz sobre la validez de la tradicional dicotomía madrileña noroeste-sureste, así como, sobre la insostenibilidad del modelo en generación

Participation and Solidarity in Redistribution Mechanisms

Following Bossert (1995), we consider a model where personal income depends on two different characteristics: skills and effort. Luttens (2010) introduces claims that individuals have over aggregate income and that only depend on the effort they exert. Moreover, he proposes redistribution mechanisms in which solidarity is based on changes in a lower bound on what every individual deserves according to these claims: the so-called minimal rights (O’Neill 1982). A debatable consequence in one of Luttens’ mechanisms is that “the poorest individuals might up with a negative income” (Luttens 2010); that is, this mechanism does not satisfy participation, which turns out to be incompatible with claims feasibility, under Luttens’ assumptions. We present a new solidarity axiom that is compatible both with participation and claims feasibility, and we provide a mechanism satisfying these properties and our new additive solidarity axiom. Moreover, our mechanism satisfies additional properties, as priority, or respect of minimal rights.This has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness funds under Project ECO2013-43119 and by Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Banco Santander and Generalitat de Catalunya under the project 2011LINE-06

A proportional approach to claims problems with a guaranteed minimum

In distribution problems, and specifically in bankruptcy issues, the Proportional (P) and the Egalitarian (EA) divisions are two of the most popular ways to resolve the conflict. Nonetheless, when using the egalitarian division, agents may receive more than her claim. We propose a compromise between the proportional and the egalitarian approaches by considering the restriction that no one receives more than her claim. We show that the most egalitarian compromise fulfilling this restriction ensures a minimum amount to each agent. We also show that this compromise can be interpreted as a process that works in two steps as follows: first, all agents receive an equal share up to the smallest claim if possible (egalitarian distribution), and then, the remaining estate (if any) is allocated proportionally to the remaining claims (proportional distribution). Finally, we obtain that the recursive application of this process finishes at the Constrained Equal Awards solution (CEA).Financial support from Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Banco Santander and Generalitat de Catalunya under Project 2011LINE-06 and the Barcelona GSE

Mediation in claims problems

Mediation is a dispute resolution process whereby agents reach a mutually acceptable agreement among different proposals that satisfy a set of principles. This paper provides a natural way of coming to such agreements in claims problems. In our approach, mediation combines (i) a set of fair properties (legitimate principles); and (ii) a criterion for delimiting the admissible manners of distributing the endowment, that is determined by the mediator expressing the two (dual) points of view to face such problems: awards and losses. These dual views define a lower and an upper bounds on awards, which are used to implement the so-called Double Recursive Process. We find that this process concludes at the midpoint between the two dual points of view. Finally, we argue that the criterion of the mediator could be established throughout Lorenz domination. In so doing, we retrieve the average of old and well-known rules.Financial support from Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Banco Santander and Generalitat de Catalunya under project 2011LINE-06

From Bargaining Solutions to Claims Rules: A Proportional Approach

Agents involved in a conflicting claims problem may be concerned with the proportion of their claims that is satisfied, or with the total amount they get. In order to relate both perspectives, we associate to each conflicting claims problem a bargaining-in-proportions set. Then, we obtain a correspondence between classical bargaining solutions and usual claims rules. In particular, we show that the constrained equal losses, the truncated constrained equal losses and the contested garment (Babylonian Talmud) rules can be obtained throughout the Nash bargaining solution.Financial support from Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Banco Santander and Generalitat de Catalunya under project 2011LINE-06, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under project ECO2011-24200 and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under project ECO2013-43119 are gratefully acknowledged

Folk solution for simple minimum cost spanning tree problems

A minimum cost spanning tree problem analyzes how to efficiently connect a group of individuals to a source. Once the efficient tree is obtained, the addressed question is how to allocate the total cost among the involved agents. One prominent solution in allocating this minimum cost is the so-called Folk solution. Unfortunately, in general, the Folk solution is not easy to compute. We identify a class of mcst problems in which the Folk solution is obtained in an easy way. This class includes elementary cost mcst problems.Financial support from Generalitat de Catalunya (2014SGR325 and 2014SGR631) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ECO2013-43119-P) is acknowledged

An egalitarian approach for sharing the cost of a spanning tree

A minimum cost spanning tree problem analyzes the way to efficiently connect individuals to a source. Hence the question is how to fairly allocate the total cost among these agents. Our approach, reinterpreting the spanning tree cost allocation as a claims problem defines a simple way to allocate the optimal cost with two main criteria: (1) each individual only pays attention to a few connection costs (the total cost of the optimal network and the cost of connecting himself to the source); and (2) an egalitarian criteria is used to share costs. Then, using claims rules, we define an egalitarian solution so that the total cost is allocated as equally as possible. We show that this solutions could propose allocations outside the core, a counter-intuitive fact whenever cooperation is necessary. Then we propose a modification to get a core selection, obtaining in this case an alternative interpretation of the Folk solution.Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under projects ECO2016-75410-P (AEI/FEDER UE) and ECO2016-77200-P (AEI/FEDER UE), and from Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Generalitat de Catalunya under projects 2018PRF-URV-B2-53 and 2017SGR770, is gratefully acknowledged. Financial support from the Generalitat Valenciana (BEST/2019 grants) to visit the UNSW is gratefully acknowledged

Resource allocations with guaranteed awards in claims problems

The notion of lower bound on awards has been introduced in the literature to analyze the establishment of guarantees that ensure a minimum award to each agent involved in situations of conflicting claims, such as the rationing of a resource or the distribution of the assets of a bankrupt firm. Indeed, this concept has a core role in many approaches related to the problem of fair allocation (Thomson in Math Soc Sci 74:41–59, 2015) and a range of such lower bounds have been proposed: the minimal right (Curiel et al. in Z Oper Res 31:A143–A159, 1987), the fair bound (Moulin in Handb Soc Choice Welf 1:289–357, 2002), securement (Moreno-Ternero and Villar in Math Soc Sci 47(2):245–257, 2004) and the min bound (Dominguez in mimeo, 2006). In this context, the key contribution of the current paper is to show that there is a correspondence between lower bounds and rules; i.e., associated to each particular lower bound, we find a specific way of distributing the resources. In doing so, we provide new characterizations for two well known rules, the constrained equal awards and Ibn Ezra’s rules. A dual analysis, by using upper bounds on awards will provide characterizations of the dual of the previously mentioned rules: the constrained equal losses rule and the dual of Ibn Ezra’s rule.Open access funding provided by Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Financial support from Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Generalitat de Catalunya (2018PFR-URV-B2-53) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ECO2016-75410-P (AEI/FEDER, UE), ECO2017-86481-P (AEI/ FEDER, UE) and PID2020-119152GB-I00 (AEI/FEDER, UE)) is acknowledged

Evolution of socio-spatial fractures in the larger Spanish cities since 1991

El Observatorio de la Vulnerabilidad Urbana del hasta ahora Ministerio de Fomento viene realizando delimitaciones de Barrios Vulnerables en los municipios españoles mayores de 50.000 habitantes a partir de datos de los Censos de Población y Viviendas desde 1991. Cada uno de estos barrios cumple criterios de vulnerabilidad estadística, pero también la condición de ser una pieza urbana homogénea que desempeña una función endógena como espacio de vida cotidiano y por tanto capaz de asumir una intervención multidimensional que permita su mejora interna. Del seguimiento de estas delimitaciones a lo largo de las sucesivas tres ediciones del Catálogo se pueden extraer conclusiones sustantivas sobre los procesos que han ocurrido en las grandes ciudades españolas; respecto a la evolución de sus fracturas socio-espaciales y a los espacios ocupados por sus segmentos demográficos más vulnerables. Frente a algunas hipótesis que plantean que el incremento de la vulnerabilidad urbana es producto de la Gran Recesión de 2008, se constata que este proceso ya se inició con anterioridad como consecuencia de un crecimiento significativo de la desigualdad urbana. Esto supondría que las políticas urbanas, hasta entonces implementadas, no alcanzaron los objetivos esperados y que la aparente prosperidad de nuestras ciudades tenía como correlato la depresión de parte de su entorno físico construido. Además, a la vista de los resultados del periodo 2001-2011, se constata que zonas significativas de las áreas centrales han perdido su condición de vulnerables, probablemente a costa de trasladar a parte de sus habitantes iniciales a zonas más periféricas

El atlas de vulnerabilidad urbana en España : objetivos, resultados y retos de futuro

El Observatorio de la Vulnerabilidad Urbana del Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana es el encargado del mantenimiento del Catálogo de Barrios Vulnerables de los municipios españoles mayores de 50.000 habitantes, elaborado a partir de los datos de los Censos de Población y Viviendas desde 1991. Cada uno de los barrios incluido en el Catálogo viene determinado por criterios de vulnerabilidad estadística, pero también por la condición de ser una pieza urbana homogénea, capaz de asumir una intervención multidimensional que permita su mejora. Del análisis de la evolución de estos barrios en las tres ediciones del Catálogo se pueden extraer conclusiones significativas sobre los procesos ocurridos en las ciudades españolas en relación con las transformaciones de sus fracturas socioespaciales. Frente a algunas hipótesis que plantean que el incremento de la vulnerabilidad urbana es producto de la crisis de 2008, mediante la revisión del Catálogo se constata que este proceso se inició con anterioridad. Esto supondría que las políticas urbanas implementadas por los municipios españoles no habrían alcanzado los objetivos esperados y que la aparente prosperidad de nuestras ciudades tenía como correlato la depresión de parte de su espacio urbano. Además, a la vista de los resultados del período 2001-2011 se constata que zonas significativas de las áreas centrales han perdido su condición de vulnerables, probablemente a costa de trasladar a parte de sus habitantes a zonas más periféricas