Quasiprojectile breakup and isospin equilibration at Fermi energies: an indication of longer projectile-target contact times?

An investigation of the quasiprojectile breakup channel in semiperipheral and peripheral collisions of $^{58,64}$Ni+$^{58,64}$Ni at 32 and 52 MeV/nucleon is presented. Data have been acquired in the first experimental campaign of the INDRA-FAZIA apparatus in GANIL. The effect of isospin diffusion between projectile and target in the two asymmetric reactions has been highlighted by means of the isospin transport ratio technique, exploiting the neutron-to-proton ratio of the quasiprojectile reconstructed from the two breakup fragments. We found evidence that, for the same reaction centrality, a higher degree of relaxation of the initial isospin imbalance is achieved in the breakup channel with respect to the more populated binary output, possibly indicating the indirect selection of specific dynamical features. We have proposed an interpretation based on different average projectile-target contact times related to the two exit channels under investigation, with a longer interaction for the breakup channel. The time information has been extracted from AMD simulations of the studied systems coupled to GEMINI++: the model calculations support the hypothesis hereby presented

Modeling the vacuolar storage of malate shed lights on pre- and post-harvest fruit acidity

Background: Malate is one of the most important organic acids in many fruits and its concentration plays a critical role in organoleptic properties. Several studies suggest that malate accumulation in fruit cells is controlled at the level of vacuolar storage. However, the regulation of vacuolar malate storage throughout fruit development, and the origins of the phenotypic variability of the malate concentration within fruit species remain to be clarified. In the present study, we adapted the mechanistic model of vacuolar storage proposed by Lobit et al. in order to study the accumulation of malate in pre and postharvest fruits. The main adaptation concerned the variation of the free energy of ATP hydrolysis during fruit development. Banana fruit was taken as a reference because it has the particularity of having separate growth and post-harvest ripening stages, during which malate concentration undergoes substantial changes. Moreover, the concentration of malate in banana pulp varies greatly among cultivars which make possible to use the model as a tool to analyze the genotypic variability. The model was calibrated and validated using data sets from three cultivars with contrasting malate accumulation, grown under different fruit loads and potassium supplies, and harvested at different stages. Results: The model predicted the pre and post-harvest dynamics of malate concentration with fairly good accuracy for the three cultivars (mean RRMSE = 0.25-0.42). The sensitivity of the model to parameters and input variables was analyzed. According to the model, vacuolar composition, in particular potassium and organic acid concentrations, had an important effect on malate accumulation. The model suggested that rising temperatures depressed malate accumulation. The model also helped distinguish differences in malate concentration among the three cultivars and between the pre and post-harvest stages by highlighting the probable importance of proton pump activity and particularly of the free energy of ATP hydrolysis and vacuolar pH. Conclusions: This model appears to be an interesting tool to study malate accumulation in pre and postharvest fruits and to get insights into the ecophysiological determinants of fruit acidity, and thus may be useful for fruit quality improvement. (Résumé d'auteur

Leaf photosynthesis and associations with grain yield, biomass and nitrogen-use efficiency in landraces, synthetic-derived lines and cultivars in wheat

Future genetic progress in wheat grain yield will depend on increasing above-ground biomass and this must be achieved without commensurate increases in N fertilizer inputs to minimise environmental impacts. Our objective was to quantify variation in grain yield, above-ground biomass and N-use efficiency (NUE) and associated traits in a panel of diverse hexaploid wheat germplasm comprising: (i) landraces from the AE Watkins collection, (ii) synthetic-derived hexaploid lines in a cv. Paragon spring wheat background and (iii) UK modern cultivars including cv. Paragon under low N and high N conditions. A field experiment was carried out in two seasons examining 15 genotypes (five landraces, five synthetic-derived (SD) hexaploid lines and five UK modern cultivars) under low N and high N conditions at Nottingham University farm, UK. Machine-harvested grain yield, above-ground biomass and NUE were measured. Physiological traits were assessed including flag-leaf light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) under HN conditions; and flag-leaf senescence duration and rate and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) under LN and HN conditions. Under HN conditions, the modern cultivars overall produced higher grain yield than the SD lines (+9.7%) and the landraces (+60.4%); and the modern cultivars and SD lines also produced higher biomass than the landraces (30.3% and 28.4%, respectively). Under LN conditions, reduction in grain yield and biomass compared to HN conditions was least for the landraces (−1% and −8.6%, respectively), intermediate for the SD lines (−7.4 and −10.2%, respectively) and highest for the modern cultivars (−9.3 and −24.6%, respectively). As a result, the SD lines had higher biomass (+17%) than the modern cultivars under LN conditions. Under HN conditions the synthetic derivatives (23.8 μmol m−2 s−1) and modern cultivars (241.1 μmol m−2 s−1) had higher pre-anthesis Amax than the landraces (19.7 μmol m−2 s−1) (P < 0.001). Pre-anthesis Amax was strongly positively linearly associated with above-ground biomass (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.001) and grain yield (R2 = 0.75, P < 0.001) amongst the 15 genotypes. Flag-leaf Amax was also positively linearly associated with flag-leaf relative chlorophyll content at anthesis (R2 = 0.74; P < 0.001). Comparing the SD lines to the recurrent parent Paragon, under HN conditions one line (SD 22) had higher pre-anthesis flag-leaf Amax than Paragon (P < 0.05). Under LN conditions one line (SD 24, +27%) had higher yield than Paragon (P < 0.05) and two lines (SD 24 and SD 38, +32% and +31%, respectively) had more biomass than Paragon (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that introgressing traits from synthetic-derived wheat and landraces into UK modern wheat germplasm offers scope to raise above-ground biomass and grain yield in moderate-to-low N availability environments

Nitrogen partitioning and remobilization in relation to leaf senescence, grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in wheat cultivars

Our objective was to investigate the determinants of genetic variation in N accumulation, N partitioning and N remobilization to the grain post-flowering and associations with flag-leaf senescence, grain yield and grain N% in 16 wheat cultivars grown under high N (HN) and low N (LN) conditions in the UK and France. Overall, cultivars ranged in leaf lamina N accumulation at anthesis from 5.32 to 8.03 g N m−2 at HN and from 2.69 to 3.62 g N m−2 at LN, and for the stem-and leaf-sheath from 5.45 to 7.25 g N m−2 at HN and from 2.55 to 3.41 g N m−2 at LN (P < 0.001). Cultivars ranged in N partitioning index (proportion of above-ground N in the crop component) at anthesis for the leaf lamina from 0.37 to 0.42 at HN and 0.34 to 0.40 at LN; and for the stem-and leaf-sheath from 0.39 to 0.43 at HN and from 0.35 to 0.41 at LN (P < 0.001). The amount of leaf lamina N remobilized post-anthesis was negatively associated with the duration of post-anthesis flag-leaf senescence amongst cultivars in all experiments under HN. In general, it was difficult to separate genetic differences in lamina N remobilization from those in lamina N accumulation at anthesis. Genetic variation in grain yield and grain N% (through N dilution effects) appeared to be mainly influenced by pre-anthesis N accumulation rather than post-anthesis N remobilization under high N conditions and under milder N stress (Sutton Bonington LN). Where N stress was increased (Clermont Ferrand LN), there was some evidence that lamina N remobilization was a determinant of genetic variation in grain N% although not of grain yield. Our results suggested that selection for lamina N accumulation at anthesis and lamina N remobilization post-anthesis may have value in breeding programmes aimed at optimizing senescence duration and improving grain yield, N-use efficiency and grain N% of wheat

Modeling the peach sugar contents in relation to fruit growth

International audienc

Multivariate analysis of within-tree factors accounting for the variation of peach fruit quality

International audienc

Pêche : un modèle de simulation

SupplémentNational audienc

Variabilité de la croissance et de la qualité chez la pêche (Prunus persica L Batsch) et liaison entre croissance et qualité

— La croissance de la pêche a été décrite par un modèle de croissance déterministe à 2 phases. Les courbes de croissance cumulée et de vitesse de croissance de 120 fruits ont été comparées par analyse en composantes principales sur les paramètres du modèle. Les différences entre fruits sont importantes pendant la deuxième phase de croissance. Après récolte, les qualités gustative (composition biochimique) et commerciale (fermeté et coloration) de chaque fruit ont été analysées. Le pH est peu variable; l'acidité, l'indice réfractométrique et la teneur en sucres forment un ensemble de descripteurs intercorrelés qui séparent les fruits selon un gradient de qualité gustative et de fermeté auquel est liée la coloration jaune. Les autres paramètres de la coloration sont liés entre eux et sont non corrélés au groupe précédent. La relation entre croissance et qualité a été analysée par analyse factorielle des correspondances sur variables instrumentales. Les fruits mûrs précocement et ceux ayant un diamètre élevé à l'issue de la première phase ont des taches de couleur rouge violacé alors que l'orange et une chrominance plus élevée caractérisent les autres fruits. Les fruits ayant une deuxième phase de croissance importante et caractérisés par une vitesse maximale de croissance élevée et tardive sont plus sucrés, moins acides et ont une fermeté plus faible. La variation de la luminance n'est pas liée à celle de la croissance.— Variability of peach (Prunus Persica L Batsch) growth and quality, and relationships between growth and quality. The individual fruit growth of the peach (Suncrest cultivar), was studied by modelling growth curves based on cheek-diameter measurements. Our model assumed that peach fruit growth; was divided into 2 phases. The first one described the pit growth and the first part of the flesh growth; the second described the second part of the flesh growth (fig 1). The fit of the model was good (fig 2). The growth curves were compared using a particular principal component analysis (PCA) working on the model parameters. The differences between fruits were highest during the second phase (fig 3). The curves were grouped into classes using a cluster analysis running on PCA factors (fig 4). At harvest, quality data, ie pH, soluble solids, sucrose, reducing sugars, citric and malic acids, flesh firmness and skin color, were recorded. Quality variation among fruits was studied using a correspondence analysis and a cluster analysis. The pH did not vary (table I). Acidity, sugars and soluble solids were correlated and described a gustatory gradient (fig 5). Firmness and yellow color were correlated with this gradient. Other color descriptors were correlated to each other and described a coloration gradient which was independent from the gustatory one (fig 6). Four groups of peach fruits were individualized (figs 5, 6). For most quality descriptors, between-class differences were high (table II). The relationship between growth and quality was studied using a canonical correspondence analysis. The peach diameter in April was not correlated with quality (table IV). Growth was more correlated with gustatory quality and firmness than with coloration (tables I and III). Early mature fruits with a high cheek diameter at the end of the first phase had a large amount of purple. The other fruits had a large amount of orange and a high chrominance (fig 9). In fruits with both a significant second growth phase and a high and late maximal growth rate the highest soluble solids and sucrose content and the lowest citric acid content and firmness were found (fig 8). Luminance was not correlated with growth