Contract and Tort after Denning

Contract and Tort after Dennin

Origin of Jeofail

In their interesting note on the origin of Jeofail ,\u27 Doctors Baker and Arnold suggest that the word is derived from jeu-faille (= game-fail) and say that A \u27game-fail\u27 in chess was presumably a stalemate; neither party could win, so the game failed or ended. 2 Since it has long been known that jeopardy has a chess origin3 (either from the old French jeu parti or the Latin jocus partitus = game in the balance and hence an uncertain chance) this explanation has an obvious attraction. Indeed in view of the alphabetical work habits of-lexicographers it is surprising that the suggestion has not been made before. (The two words are consecutive in the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology). 4 Nevertheless the argument based on the analogy with chess is not free from difficulties. The definition of stalemate is inelegant for the modern version of the game but much more important it is very far from clear that in 1378 the result of a stalemate was that the game was drawn

MetaMap versus BERT models with explainable active learning: ontology-based experiments with prior knowledge for COVID-19

Emergence of the Coronavirus 2019 Disease has highlighted further the need for timely support for clinicians as they manage severely ill patients. We combine Semantic Web technologies with Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing with the aim of converting human-readable best evi-dence/practice for COVID-19 into that which is computer-interpretable. We present the results of experiments with 1212 clinical ideas (medical terms and expressions) from two UK national healthcare services specialty guides for COVID-19 and three versions of two BMJ Best Practice documents for COVID-19. The paper seeks to recognise and categorise clinical ideas, performing a Named Entity Recognition (NER) task, with an ontology providing extra terms as context and describing the intended meaning of categories understandable by clinicians. The paper investigates: 1) the performance of classical NER using MetaMap versus NER with fine-tuned BERT models; 2) the integration of both NER approaches using a lightweight ontology developed in close collaboration with senior doctors; and 3) the easy interpretation by junior doctors of the main classes from the ontology once populated with NER results. We report the NER performance and the observed agreement for human audits

MetaMap versus BERT models with explainable active learning: ontology-based experiments with prior knowledge for COVID-19

Emergence of the Coronavirus 2019 Disease has highlighted further the need for timely support for clinicians as they manage severely ill patients. We combine Semantic Web technologies with Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing with the aim of converting human-readable best evi-dence/practice for COVID-19 into that which is computer-interpretable. We present the results of experiments with 1212 clinical ideas (medical terms and expressions) from two UK national healthcare services specialty guides for COVID-19 and three versions of two BMJ Best Practice documents for COVID-19. The paper seeks to recognise and categorise clinical ideas, performing a Named Entity Recognition (NER) task, with an ontology providing extra terms as context and describing the intended meaning of categories understandable by clinicians. The paper investigates: 1) the performance of classical NER using MetaMap versus NER with fine-tuned BERT models; 2) the integration of both NER approaches using a lightweight ontology developed in close collaboration with senior doctors; and 3) the easy interpretation by junior doctors of the main classes from the ontology once populated with NER results. We report the NER performance and the observed agreement for human audits

From contract to umbrella agreement

It is now widely accepted that English contract law does not deal equally well across the whole range of agreements that are made. The model which fits best to English contract law is one in which the parties move immediately from no contract to completed contract. There is great difficulty with situations where the parties spend a long time in an area where there are obligations and understandings but not yet a fully completed contract. This article considers an important development that attempts to deal with this difficulty. That is the increasing use by contracting parties of what may be called umbrella agreements

Origin of Jeofail

In their interesting note on the origin of Jeofail ,\u27 Doctors Baker and Arnold suggest that the word is derived from jeu-faille (= game-fail) and say that A \u27game-fail\u27 in chess was presumably a stalemate; neither party could win, so the game failed or ended. 2 Since it has long been known that jeopardy has a chess origin3 (either from the old French jeu parti or the Latin jocus partitus = game in the balance and hence an uncertain chance) this explanation has an obvious attraction. Indeed in view of the alphabetical work habits of-lexicographers it is surprising that the suggestion has not been made before. (The two words are consecutive in the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology). 4 Nevertheless the argument based on the analogy with chess is not free from difficulties. The definition of stalemate is inelegant for the modern version of the game but much more important it is very far from clear that in 1378 the result of a stalemate was that the game was drawn