Relationship between low back pain and shortened hamstring muscles: a case-control study

[Resumen] Objetivos: Este estudio busca establecer una relación directa entre el dolor lumbar de origen inespecífico y el acortamiento de la musculatura isquiotibial mediante la prueba dedos suelo (Finger-to-floor). Material y métodos: En el presente estudio participaron 54 sujetos: 27 casos y 27 controles (41 mujeres y 13 hombres). Resultados: No se ha encontrado relación entre los casos y los controles en las variables Finger-To-Floor test 1 (FTF1) (rP= 0.079; P>0.570), Finger-To-Floor test 2 (FTF2) (rP= 0.000; p>0.998), Finger-To-Floor test 3 (FTF3) (rP= 0.075; p>0.588) y Finger-To-Floor test total (FTFtotal) (-0.006 (-5.23,5.11);p>0.981). Conclusión: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos y las respectivas variables.[Abstract] Objectives: This study tries to establish a direct relationship between non specific low-back pain and shortened hamstrings by using fingerto- floor test (FTF). Methods: A sample of 54 subjects divided into 27 cases and 27 controls (41 female and 13 male) was recruited. Results: Regarding outcome measurements, a statically significant relationship between the cases and the control was not found: Finger- To-Floor test 1 (FTF1) (rP= 0.079; P>0.570), Finger-To-Floor test 2 (FTF2) (rP= 0.000; p>0.998), Finger-To-Floor test 3 (FTF3) (rP= 0.075; p>0.588) and Finger-To-Floor test total (FTFtotal) (-0.006 (-5.23,5.11); p>0.981). Conclusion: No statistically significant differences were found between both groups for outcome measuraments

Potential of land use activities to offset road traffic greenhouse gas emissions in Central Spain

The transport sector is one of the main sources of greenhouse gases, adding in Spain near a quarter of the total national emissions, the majority in road transport. Therefore, road contribution to climate change should be mitigated to achieve the proposed goals in the fight against climate change. Policies and strategies suggest several preventive mitigation options, but have paid little attention to compensatory mitigation. We have conducted a theoretical case study in a Spanish province, Segovia, estimating the carbon dioxide emissions in the road network between 2015 and 2050, and analysing different compensation possibilities through conservation agriculture, agroforestry, afforestation and hedgerow plantation. We have calculated carbon sequestration in the reference period and costs per tonne for each option, estimating the budget range of offsetting road carbon emission, and funding possibilities, especially through fuel taxes. The paper demonstrates that offsetting carbon emissions produced by roads in this area is technically possible and highly desirable, unifying carbon sequestration, biodiversity improvement and rural development. The main challenge is funding, which depends largely on the political will and the awareness of the citizens