Latitudinal trait variation and responses to drought in Arabidopsis lyrata

Species may respond in three ways to environmental change: adapt, migrate, or go extinct. Studies of latitudinal clines can provide information on whether species have adapted to abiotic stress such as temperature and drought in the past and what the traits underlying adaptation are. We investigated latitudinal trait variation and response to drought in North American populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Plants from nine populations collected over 13° latitude were grown under well-watered and dry conditions. A total of 1,620 seedlings were raised and 12 phenological, physiological, morphological, and life history traits were measured. Two traits, asymptotic rosette size and the propensity to flower, were significantly associated with latitude: plants from northern locations grew to a larger size and were more likely to flower in the first season. Most traits displayed a plastic response to drought, but plasticity was never related linearly with latitude nor was it enhanced in populations from extreme latitudes with reduced water availability. Populations responded to drought by adopting mixed strategies of resistance, tolerance, and escape. The study shows that latitudinal adaptation in A. lyrata involves the classic life history traits, size at and timing of reproduction. Contrary to recent theoretical predictions, adaptation to margins is based on fixed trait differences and not on phenotypic plasticity, at least with respect to drought

Développement racinaire du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) en interaction avec d’autres espèces forestières et en fonction de la disponibilité en eau : conséquences sur la croissance et le fonctionnement hydrique et carboné

The link between species diversity and ecosystem productivity is a central issue in ecology. Numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between forest diversity and productivity, as well as a greater resistance to various stresses such as droughts. On the other hand, few studies demonstrated the mechanisms behind the benefits observed in multi-species forests compared to monospecific ones. In particular, the role of belowground interactions among species in explaining the origin of positive effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning is unknown. The aim of my PhD work was to study the influence of tree species interactions on the root development of beech (Fagus sylvatica) under different levels of water conditions. We showed that at the seedling stage, underground competition between beech, oak and pine was strong and that mixing these species could influence the growth of the beech. Water availability had a strong impact on the growth of beech seedlings, but the presence of seedlings of other species competing with beech did not particularly improve its response to drought. At the adult stage, in a forest plantation, we showed that maple trees competing with beech did not strongly modify the mean depth of soil water extraction of beech trees or the vertical distribution of beech roots. We conclude that (i) there was no separation of the underground ecological niches of these two species, both spatially and functionally (with respect to water acquisition), and (ii) that the mechanisms of belowground interaction between these two species do not seem to explain the origin of the higher productivity in the mixture than in the monoculture zone. Finally, the richest fungal communities were found in the mixed species zone: we hypothesize that greater fungal community richness in the mixture may improve water and nutrient acquisition and then contribute to higher productivity in the mixed species zone. My work suggests that underground interactions between beech and other forest species are probably not the main mechanism explaining beneficial effects of mixtures on productivityLe lien qui existe entre la diversité et la productivité des écosystèmes constitue un sujet central en écologie. De nombreuses études ont montré une relation positive entre la diversité et la productivité des forêts, ainsi que leur résistance à différents stress comme à la sécheresse. En revanche, peu de travaux ont permis de comprendre les mécanismes à l'origine des avantages observés dans les forêts à plusieurs espèces comparés aux forêts monospécifiques. En particulier, en raison de la difficulté d'accès aux racines, le rôle du compartiment souterrain dans les interactions entre espèces est particulièrement méconnu. L'objectif de ma thèse a été d'étudier l’influence des interactions entre espèces d’arbres sur le système racinaire du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) sous différents niveaux de contrainte hydrique. Ces travaux ont montré que, au stade jeune plant, la compétition souterraine entre hêtre, chêne et pin était forte et que mélanger les espèces à ce stade pouvait influencer la croissance du hêtre. La disponibilité en eau a un fort impact sur la croissance des plantules de hêtre mais la présence d’autres espèces à proximité des jeunes plants de hêtre n’a pas amélioré leur réponse à la sécheresse. Au stade adulte, dans une plantation forestière, nous avons montré que la présence de l’érable n’influençait que légèrement la profondeur d’extraction de l’eau du hêtre ou la distribution verticale de ses racines. Nous concluons (i) à une absence de séparation des niches souterraines entre ces deux espèces, tant au niveau spatial que fonctionnel (vis à vis de l'acquisition de l’eau), et (ii) que les mécanismes d’interaction souterraine ne semblent pas expliquer l’origine de la productivité plus forte dans la zone de mélange que dans les zones de monocultures. Enfin, j'ai montré que les peuplements mélangés hébergent une communauté fongique plus riche par rapport aux peuplements purs. Cette plus forte richesse de la communauté fongique dans le mélange pourrait contribuer à une meilleure acquisition des ressources hydriques et minérales dans le mélange. Mon travail suggère que les interactions souterraines entre le hêtre et d’autres espèces forestières ne sont probablement pas le mécanisme principal expliquant les effets positifs des mélanges sur la productivit

Root development of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) when competing with other tree species and under various water availability levels : Consequences on growth and water and carbon functioning

Le lien qui existe entre la diversité et la productivité des écosystèmes constitue un sujet central en écologie. De nombreuses études ont montré une relation positive entre la diversité et la productivité des forêts, ainsi que leur résistance à différents stress comme à la sécheresse. En revanche, peu de travaux ont permis de comprendre les mécanismes à l'origine des avantages observés dans les forêts à plusieurs espèces comparés aux forêts monospécifiques. En particulier, en raison de la difficulté d'accès aux racines, le rôle du compartiment souterrain dans les interactions entre espèces est particulièrement méconnu. L'objectif de ma thèse a été d'étudier l’influence des interactions entre espèces d’arbres sur le système racinaire du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) sous différents niveaux de contrainte hydrique. Ces travaux ont montré que, au stade jeune plant, la compétition souterraine entre hêtre, chêne et pin était forte et que mélanger les espèces à ce stade pouvait influencer la croissance du hêtre. La disponibilité en eau a un fort impact sur la croissance des plantules de hêtre mais la présence d’autres espèces à proximité des jeunes plants de hêtre n’a pas amélioré leur réponse à la sécheresse. Au stade adulte, dans une plantation forestière, nous avons montré que la présence de l’érable n’influençait que légèrement la profondeur d’extraction de l’eau du hêtre ou la distribution verticale de ses racines. Nous concluons (i) à une absence de séparation des niches souterraines entre ces deux espèces, tant au niveau spatial que fonctionnel (vis à vis de l'acquisition de l’eau), et (ii) que les mécanismes d’interaction souterraine ne semblent pas expliquer l’origine de la productivité plus forte dans la zone de mélange que dans les zones de monocultures. Enfin, j'ai montré que les peuplements mélangés hébergent une communauté fongique plus riche par rapport aux peuplements purs. Cette plus forte richesse de la communauté fongique dans le mélange pourrait contribuer à une meilleure acquisition des ressources hydriques et minérales dans le mélange. Mon travail suggère que les interactions souterraines entre le hêtre et d’autres espèces forestières ne sont probablement pas le mécanisme principal expliquant les effets positifs des mélanges sur la productivitéThe link between species diversity and ecosystem productivity is a central issue in ecology. Numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between forest diversity and productivity, as well as a greater resistance to various stresses such as droughts. On the other hand, few studies demonstrated the mechanisms behind the benefits observed in multi-species forests compared to monospecific ones. In particular, the role of belowground interactions among species in explaining the origin of positive effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning is unknown. The aim of my PhD work was to study the influence of tree species interactions on the root development of beech (Fagus sylvatica) under different levels of water conditions. We showed that at the seedling stage, underground competition between beech, oak and pine was strong and that mixing these species could influence the growth of the beech. Water availability had a strong impact on the growth of beech seedlings, but the presence of seedlings of other species competing with beech did not particularly improve its response to drought. At the adult stage, in a forest plantation, we showed that maple trees competing with beech did not strongly modify the mean depth of soil water extraction of beech trees or the vertical distribution of beech roots. We conclude that (i) there was no separation of the underground ecological niches of these two species, both spatially and functionally (with respect to water acquisition), and (ii) that the mechanisms of belowground interaction between these two species do not seem to explain the origin of the higher productivity in the mixture than in the monoculture zone. Finally, the richest fungal communities were found in the mixed species zone: we hypothesize that greater fungal community richness in the mixture may improve water and nutrient acquisition and then contribute to higher productivity in the mixed species zone. My work suggests that underground interactions between beech and other forest species are probably not the main mechanism explaining beneficial effects of mixtures on productivit

Interactive effects of competition and water availability on above- and below-ground growth and functional traits of European beech at juvenile level

International audienceEuropean beech (Fagus sylvatica) is one of the most important commercial tree species in Europe. This species is known to suffer from strong intraspecific competition for above-and below-ground resources and recent studies suggest that mixing beech with other species enhances its growth. European Beech is also known to be very sensitive to drought and natural regeneration of this species is therefore threatened under expected climate change scenarios. Whether beech regeneration under future climate conditions could be favoured in mixed forests is still unknown. In the present study, We analysed how species interactions affect the response of beech seedlings to drought. We tested the followings hypotheses: (i) competitor presence and identity impact seedling performance, and (ii) water availability influences the strength and nature of the interactions. In a greenhouse pot experiment, beech seedlings were grown either alone or in the presence of one competitor seedling (beech, sessile oak, Scots pine). A drought treatment was applied to half of the pots and the other half was well-watered. After one growing season, the seedlings were harvested and above- and below-ground growth and functional traits were measured. Under well-watered conditions, functional traits and growth allocation favouring roots indicate that competition occurred mainly for soil resources. Specific fine root length as clearly altered by the presence of pine only, probably through allelopathy or soil acidification. Drought, however, had a strong impact on beech seedling performance whatever the treatment. Drought decreased the importance of negative interactions between seedlings and a positive interaction even occurred between beech and oak. Our results suggest that under the drier climatic conditions expected in the future, naturally regenerating European beech in mixtures with oak may be advantageous for beech seedling survival and growth. In contrast, favouring regeneration or developing plantations which include beech and pine seems less advantageous

Is there any complementarity between European beech and sycamore maple in soil water acquisition?

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Aboveground overyielding in a mixed temperate forest is not explained by belowground processes

International audienceThe relationship between forest productivity and tree species diversity has been described in detail, but the underlying processes have yet to be identified. One important issue is to understand which processes are at the origin of observed aboveground overyielding in some mixed forests. We used a beech-maple plantation exhibiting aboveground overyielding to test whether belowground processes could explain this pattern. Soil cores were collected to determine fine root (FR) biomass and vertical distribution. Correlograms were used to detect spatial arrangement. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to identify the tree species proportion in the FR samples and spatial root segregation. An isotopic approach was used to identify water acquisition patterns. The structure and the composition of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community were determined by high-throughput sequencing of DNA in the soil samples. We found no spatial pattern for FR biomass or for its vertical distribution along the gradients. No vertical root segregation was found, as FR density for both species decreased with depth in a similar way. The two species displayed similar vertical water acquisition profiles as well, mainly absorbing water from shallow soil layers; hence, niche differentiation for water acquisition was not highlighted here. Significant alterations in the fungal community compositions were detected in function of the percentage of maple in the vicinity of beech. Our findings do not support the commonly suggested drivers of aboveground overyielding in species-diverse forests and suggest that competition reduction or between-species facilitation of belowground resource acquisition may not explain the observed aboveground overyielding

Aboveground overyielding in a mixed temperate forest is not explained by belowground proceses

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