The “Colonial Clause” and Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights Article 56 and its Relationship to Article 1

Source at: https://arcticreview.no/index.php/arctic/article/view/43Article 56 of the European Convention on Human Rights is often referred to as the «colonial clause» and it has received little attention by commentators, whereas there has been extensive writing on Article 1of the Convention regarding the extraterritorial reach of that treaty. Article 56 has nevertheless the effect of limiting the responsibility of Member States for acts and omissions of the authorities of its dependent territories, although the Member State is still responsible if it acts directly through its own metropolitan officials in such territories. By employing an example of Norway, this paper finds it unnecessary for this country to undertake obligations pursuant to Article 56 in relation to its dependent territories in and around Antarctica, since there is currently little activity there which is not already covered by the extraterritorial regime of Article 1 of the Convention. The paper additionally considers the pros and cons of extending the Convention to territories under Article 56 should future developments lead to a larger and more permanent population of these areas

On Restricting Real-Valued Genotypes in Evolutionary Algorithms

Real-valued genotypes together with the variation operators, mutation and crossover, constitute some of the fundamental building blocks of Evolutionary Algorithms. Real-valued genotypes are utilized in a broad range of contexts, from weights in Artificial Neural Networks to parameters in robot control systems. Shared between most uses of real-valued genomes is the need for limiting the range of individual parameters to allowable bounds. In this paper we will illustrate the challenge of limiting the parameters of real-valued genomes and analyse the most promising method to properly limit these values. We utilize both empirical as well as benchmark examples to demonstrate the utility of the proposed method and through a literature review show how the insight of this paper could impact other research within the field. The proposed method requires minimal intervention from Evolutionary Algorithm practitioners and behaves well under repeated application of variation operators, leading to better theoretical properties as well as significant differences in well-known benchmarks

Performance and improvements of a Formula One car

The following study refers to the analysis of the performance and improvements of the most famous motorsport competition in the world, known as Formula One. Within this sport, numerous sections such as mechanics, chassis or engines are included, but in this case, we will introduce ourselves in the investigation of the front wing, one of the most important elements of aerodynamics. Like all sports do, Formula One has also evolved, and in this case, we will focus our project on the creation of a new front wing design adapted to new regulations imposed by the FIA in 2022. So, our main objectives are creating this new 3D CAD model in SolidWorks, thanks to other prototypes and images, and also starting a discussion process where the improvements provided by this new design are compared to previous years. The methodology starts with the creation of the 2022 prototype and reproduce it in a CFD simulation software studying the dynamic behaviour of the air like a virtual wind tunnel. The project explains in detail the operation of these simulations, and the methodology used in their creation, based on images, tables and conclusions obtained in the course of the work. Once seen the most important aerodynamic aspects, located in the initial part of the memory, and the evolution of aerodynamics in the sport throughout history, some comparisons are made with a 3D model obtained from a 2018 front wing (old regulation) thanks to the CFD simulations already commented. Simulations generate numerous data and results that must be considered and commented to find the differences between these two ailerons, where a symbolic value is the numeric aerodynamic efficiency that includes information about lift and drag coefficients, which can arrive to increase considerably with the new model. Also, with the results, we arrive at the conclusion that a car’s configuration is crucial to find the best performance, and small changes, like the height or geometry of the front wing, can be decisive. To sum up, our final conclusions will generalize and compare which is the best front wing configuration and if the FIA’s objective to reduce the amount of dirty air with a new regulation can be accomplished. Besides, some other future ideas to enhance our study, like different changing performance effects or advanced considerations, are remarked

Segregation in the classroom: What does it take to be accepted as a friend?

Research on students' social relationships shows their preference to associate with similar peers. This study focused on the similarity in selection criteria used by students to form groups and similarity of characteristics of existing groups in schools. It compared these criteria to those of isolated students. The sample consisted of 124 students aged 14-15. The results revealed that the assessment of peers' social skills was a relevant selection criterion, and that global self-esteem, well-being, and, physical activity were important variables in describing groups. The selection criteria and group characteristics of isolated students did not match those of the groups. The isolated students have more outspoken views on criteria and characteristics compared to the groups' points of view

The «Colonial Clause» and Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights Article 56 and its Relationship to Article 1

Article 56 of the European Convention on Human Rights is often referred to as the «colonial clause» and it has received little attention by commentators, whereas there has been extensive writing on Article 1of the Convention regarding the extraterritorial reach of that treaty. Article 56 has nevertheless the effect of limiting the responsibility of Member States for acts and omissions of the authorities of its dependent territories, although the Member State is still responsible if it acts directly through its own metropolitan officials in such territories. By employing an example of Norway, this paper finds it unnecessary for this country to undertake obligations pursuant to Article 56 in relation to its dependent territories in and around Antarctica, since there is currently little activity there which is not already covered by the extraterritorial regime of Article 1 of the Convention. The paper additionally considers the pros and cons of extending the Convention to territories under Article 56 should future devel- opments lead to a larger and more permanent population of these areas.Keywords: European Convention on Human Rights, extraterritoriality, dependencies, South Atlantic, AntarcticaCitation: Arctic Review on Law and Politics, vol. 4, 1/2013 pp. 21–41. ISSN 1891-625

Some thoughts on the Russian use of armed force in Ukraine

The ongoing Russian military activities on the Crimean peninsula are in violation of the general prohibition on the use of force under international law and none of the well-agreed upon exceptions to that prohibition would seem to apply. Instead, the Russian activities constitute an armed attack on Ukraine.Keywords: Use of military force, invitation, occupation, minorities, Ukraine, RussiaCitation: Arctic Review on Law and Politics, vol. 5, 1/2014 pp. 146–149. ISSN 1891-625

«En Række indbyrdes stridende Programmer». Nietzsche, Brandes, Strindberg and Knut Hamsun’s Hunger.

Denne masteravhandlingen undersøker hvorvidt den «tidlige» Knut Hamsun og hans verk Sult (1890) kan sies å ha blitt influert av Georg Brandes’ «bilde» av Friedrich Nietzsche som han presenterte det gjennom sine offentlige forelesninger om den tyske filosofen i København i april 1888. Avhandlingen består av to overordnete deler. I første del undersøker jeg hvorvidt Nietzsches idéer kan sies å ha påvirket Hamsun. I andre del foretar jeg deretter en nærlesning av et utvalg passasjer i Sult, i lys av hva Hamsun direkte eller indirekte kan ha fått med seg av Nietzsches tankegods. I undersøkelsen av Nietzsches eventuelle innflytelse på Hamsun trekkes også samtidige skikkelser som Brandes og August Strindberg inn som mulige mellom-menn. Et utvalg av Hamsuns øvrige tekster fra perioden omkring Sult undersøkes også for å hjelpe med å kaste lys på hvordan ulike relevante temaer (så som dikotomien mellom det aristokratiske og det demokratiske, herre- og slavemoralen, samt oppfatninger av kunsten og kulturen) behandles av forfatteren. Etter å ha utforsket Nietzsche-innflytelsens vei mot Hamsun, leder en foreløpig konklusjon inn i avhandlingens analysedel. Analysen fundamenteres i enkelte av de sentrale idéene som kommer fram i Brandes’ presentasjon av Nietzsche. I tillegg integreres Sophus Michaëlis’ tidlige danske oversettelse av et utdrag fra Nietzsches Also Sprach Zarathustra, samt idéer fra Strindberg. Jeg argumenterer i løpet av avhandlingen for at disse tre kildene til sammen utgjør det «fundamentet» Hamsun teoretisk sett mest sannsynlig kan ha hatt mulighet til å bli kjent med Nietzsches idéer gjennom. Avhandlingen er fundamentert i en tekstgranskende nyhistoristisk metodologi. Avhandlingens konklusjon er noe uavklart. Så lenge det ikke finnes noen klar, utvetydig dokumentasjon på hvorvidt Hamsun var oppmerksom på Nietzsches tankegods på dette tidlige tidspunktet, er det umulig å hverken bekrefte eller avkrefte at tyskeren kan ha vært en med-innflytelse på verket. Når dette er sagt, sørger undersøkelsens grunnleggende ubestemmelighet for at emnet er godt egnet for drøfting, og nærlesningen rører ved et par hittil uutforskede sammenhenger.This master’s thesis discusses whether the early Knut Hamsun and his work Hunger (1890) can be said to have been influenced by the «image» of Friedrich Nietzsche presented by the Danish critic Georg Brandes in his public lectures on the German philosopher in Copenhagen in April 1888. The thesis consists of two main «stages». In the first, I examine if and how Nietzsche’s influence may have reached Hamsun. In the second, I analyse a selection of passages from Hunger, in light of what Hamsun may, directly or indirectly, have gleaned from Nietzsche, by way of close reading. In tracing Nietzsche’s eventual influence on Hamsun, contemporary figures such as the aforementioned Brandes and August Strindberg are examined as possible middle-men between Hamsun and the German philosopher. A selection of Hamsun’s other texts from the same period are also examined to shed further light upon how various relevant themes (including the dichotomy between the aristocratic and the democratic, master-and-slave-morality, and views on art and culture) are treated in his writings. After exploring Nietzsche’s possible influence on Hamsun, a tentative conclusion then leads into the thesis’ second «stage», comprised of close readings of a selection of passages from Hunger. These readings are based upon central topics gained from Brandes’ presentation of Nietzsche. The reading also takes into account Sophus Michaëlis’ early Danish translation of an extract from Also Sprach Zarathustra, as well as ideas from Strindberg. In the thesis, I argue that these three sources together constitute the most plausible basis upon which Hamsun theoretically could have gotten to know Nietzsche’s ideas. The thesis is rooted in a text-based New Historicist methodology The results of the thesis are inconclusive. As long as no clear, unequivocal documentation exists as to whether Hamsun was aware of Nietzsche’s writings or ideas at this early point in time, the German philosopher’s influence upon Hunger can be neither confirmed nor denied. This being said, the essential uncertainty of the problem makes it a topic ripe for discussion, and the close-reading does touch upon a couple of hitherto unexplored connections.Mastergradsoppgave i nordiskNOLISP35

Politisamarbeid mellom Norge og Russland: En studie av bilateral regimeeffektivitet i et endret landskap

Master i samfunnsvitenskap - 202