Tandem Baeyer–Villiger/Wittig/oxa-Michael addition: One-step to 5-substituted γ-lactones

The results reported in this study provide a practical protocol for the construction, in one single step of synthetically important γ-lactones in good yields starting from α-hydroxy cyclobutanone, H2O2 and several stabilized phosphonium ylides. Our synthetic strategy relies on a tandem Baeyer–Villiger oxidation/Wittig reaction/oxa-Michael addition

A Catalytic One-Pot Synthesis of Indolyl Cyclobutanones

A general strategy for the synthesis of indolyl cyclobutanones via a tandem Bronsted acid catalyzed 2-hydroxycyclobutanone activation-indole nucleophilic addition has been exploited. The procedure leads to a wide range of 2- and 3-functionalized indole derivatives in good to high yields with broad substrate scope

Microalgae potential in the capture of CO2 emission

In a perspective projected to reduce the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, in which carbon dioxide is the master, the use of microalgae is an effective and decisive response. The review describes the bio circularity of the process of abatement of carbon dioxide through biofixation in algal biomass, highlighting the potential of its reuse in the production of high value-added products

Solvent-Free Synthesis of Quaternary Oxazolidine-2-thione β3-Amino Ester Analogs

A solvent-free organocatalyzed intermolecular cyclization reaction starting from β-substituted γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated esters and aryl isothiocyanates proceeds via an aza-Michael addition to provide previously unknown quaternary oxazolidine-2-thione β3 amino ester analogs. A panel of diversely-substituted esters was investigated, including β,γ-disubstituted examples which provided the target molecules with very high cis diastereoselectivity

Internal characterization of embankment dams using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and thermographic analysis: A case study of the Medau Zirimilis Dam (Sardinia, Italy)

The stability of embankment dams without an impermeable core depends on the characteristics of the face slab that prevents internal erosion, piping and eventual collapse of the structure. Under a Mediterranean climate, the impermeable asphaltic face slab is subjected to high solar radiation and consequent temperature changes, which can generate the creation of cracks and joints. The Medau Zirimilis Dam, located in the Casteddu River (Sardinia), is an embankment dam that has undergone seepage and continuous repairs in its asphalt face slab. These reparations have been conducted because of the occurrence of cracks and relative movement of different segments of the slab. To evaluate if seepage endangers the integrity of the dam, GPR was used, with different antennas (100, 250 and 500 MHz), along its crest and upstream and downstream faces, and the data were integrated with infrared thermographic images. Although geophysical data do not show structural changes affecting the main dam structure, deformation structures at shallow levels and in particular in the upstream face and along the crest of the dam have been identified. Such deformation affects the road atop the crest, the face slab and underlying levels, resulting in landslides that include material from several meters below the surface. The analysis permitted the identification of the origin of surficial cracks and their effects on the face slab. These sectors, independent of current movement, define the most unstable areas against water level changes that can affect the dam integrity. GPR analysis at the embankments usually has the handicap of high clay content that precludes electromagnetic wave penetration; however, in this case, the obtained resolution and extent of penetration using the different antennas was sufficient, due to the absence of an inner waterproof unit, and permitted the evaluation of the inner structure of the dam and the application of GPR for construction quality surveillance, internal structural characterization and dam monitoring

Axiography and MRI in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint pathology

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Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young in Children With Incidental Hyperglycemia:: A multicenter Italian study of 172 families

OBJECTIVE - To investigate the prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in Italian children With incidental hyperglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Among 748 subjects age 1-18 years with incidental hyperglycemia, minimal diagnostic criteria for MODY were met by 172 families. Mutational analyses of the glucokinase (GCK) and hepatocyte nuclear factor lot (HNF1A) genes were performed. RESULTS - We identified 85 GCK gene mutations in 109 probands and 10 HNF1A mutations in 12 probands. In GCK patients, the median neonatal weight and age at the first evaluation were lower than those found in patients with HNF1A mutations. Median fasting plasma glucose and impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance frequency after oral glucose tolerance testing were higher in GCK patients, who also showed a lower frequency of diabetes than HNF1A patients. CONCLUSIONS - GCK mutations are the prevailing cause of MODY (63.4%) when the index case is recruited in Italian children with incidental hyperglycemia

Insulin pump failures in Italian children with Type 1 diabetes: retrospective 1-year cohort study

AimsInsulin pump failure and/or malfunction requiring replacement have not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated pump replacement in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy.MethodsData were collected for all participants younger than 19 years, starting insulin pump therapy before 31 December 2013. For each child, age, disease duration, date of insulin pump therapy initiation, insulin pump model, failure/malfunction/replacement yes/no and reason were considered for the year 2013.ResultsData were returned by 40 of 43 paediatric centres belonging to the Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. In total, 1574 of 11 311 (13.9%) children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes were using an insulin pump: 29.2% Animas VIBE, 9.4% Medtronic MiniMed 715/515, 34.3% Medtronic MiniMed VEO, 24.3% Accu-Check Spirit Combo and 2.8% other models. In 2013, 0.165 insulin pump replacements per patient-year (11.8% due to pump failure/malfunction and 4.7% due to accidental damage) were recorded. Animas VIBE (22.1%) and Medtronic MiniMed VEO (17.7%) were the most replaced.ConclusionsIn a large cohort of Italian children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, insulin pump failure/malfunction and consequent replacement are aligned with rates previously reported and higher in more sophisticated pump models