First direct observation of a torsional Alfvén oscillation at coronal heights

Context. Torsional Alfvén waves are promising candidates for the transport of energy across different layers of the solar atmosphere. They have been predicted theoretically for decades. Previous detections of Alfvén waves so far have however mostly relied on indirect signatures. Aims. We present the first direct observational evidence of a fully resolved torsional Alfvén oscillation of a large-scale structure occurring at coronal heights. Methods. We analysed IRIS imaging and spectral observation of a surge resulting from magnetic reconnection between active region prominence threads and surrounding magnetic field lines. Results. The IRIS spectral data provide clear evidence of an oscillation in the line-of-sight velocity with a 180° phase difference between the oscillation signatures at opposite edges of the surge flux tube. This together with an alternating tilt in the Si IV and Mg II k spectra across the flux tube and the trajectories traced by the individual threads of the surge material provide clear evidence of torsional oscillation of the flux tube. Conclusions. Our observation shows that magnetic reconnection leads to the generation of large-scale torsional Alfvén waves

Multi-Scale Variability of Coronal Loops Set by Thermal Non-Equilibrium and Instability as a Probe for Coronal Heating

Solar coronal loops are the building blocks of the solar corona. These dynamic structures are shaped by the magnetic field that expands into the solar atmosphere. They can be observed in X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV), revealing the high plasma temperature of the corona. However, the dissipation of magnetic energy to heat the plasma to millions of degrees and, more generally, the mechanisms setting the mass and energy circulation in the solar atmosphere are still a matter of debate. Furthermore, multi-dimensional modelling indicates that the very concept of a coronal loop as an individual entity and its identification in EUV images is ill-defined due to the expected stochasticity of the solar atmosphere with continuous magnetic connectivity changes combined with the optically thin nature of the solar corona. In this context, the recent discovery of ubiquitous long-period EUV pulsations, the observed coronal rain properties and their common link in between represent not only major observational constraints for coronal heating theories but also major theoretical puzzles. The mechanisms of thermal non-equilibrium (TNE) and thermal instability (TI) appear in concert to explain these multi-scale phenomena as evaporation-condensation cycles. Recent numerical efforts clearly illustrate the specific but large parameter space involved in the heating and cooling aspects, and the geometry of the loop affecting the onset and properties of such cycles. In this review we will present and discuss this new approach into inferring coronal heating properties and understanding the mass and energy cycle based on the multi-scale intensity variability and cooling properties set by the TNE-TI scenario. We further discuss the major numerical challenges posed by the existence of TNE cycles and coronal rain, and similar phenomena at much larger scales in the Universe

On the spectroscopic detection of periodic plasma flows in loops undergoing thermal non-equilibrium

Context: Long-period intensity pulsations were recently detected in the EUV emission of coronal loops, and have been attributed to cycles of plasma evaporation and condensation driven by thermal non-equilibrium (TNE). Numerical simulations that reproduce this phenomenon also predict the formation of periodic flows of plasma at coronal temperatures along some of the pulsating loops. Aims: In this paper, we aim at detecting these predicted flows of coronal-temperature plasma in pulsating loops. Methods: To this end, we use time series of spatially resolved spectra from the EUV imaging spectrometer (EIS) onboard Hinode, and track the evolution of the Doppler velocity in loops in which intensity pulsations have previously been detected in images of SDO/AIA. Results: We measure signatures of flows that are compatible with the simulations, but only in a fraction of the observed events. We demonstrate that this low detection rate can be explained by line of sight ambiguities, combined with instrumental limitations such as low signal to noise ratio or insufficient cadence.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 16 pages, 16 figure

The coronal monsoon : thermal nonequilibrium revealed by periodic coronal rain

P.A. has received funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (Consolidated Grant ST/K000950/1) and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 647214).We report on the discovery of periodic coronal rain in an off-limb sequence of Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly images. The showers are co-spatial and in phase with periodic (6.6 hr) intensity pulsations of coronal loops of the sort described by Auchère et al. and Froment et al. These new observations make possible a unified description of both phenomena. Coronal rain and periodic intensity pulsations of loops are two manifestations of the same physical process: evaporation/condensation cycles resulting from a state of thermal nonequilibrium. The fluctuations around coronal temperatures produce the intensity pulsations of loops, and rain falls along their legs if thermal runaway cools the periodic condensations down and below transition-region temperatures. This scenario is in line with the predictions of numerical models of quasi-steadily and footpoint heated loops. The presence of coronal rain—albeit non-periodic—in several other structures within the studied field of view implies that this type of heating is at play on a large scale.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Ion kinetics of plasma interchange reconnection in the lower solar corona

The exploration of the inner heliosphere by Parker Solar Probe has revealed a highly structured solar wind with ubiquitous deflections from the Parker spiral, known as switchbacks. Interchange reconnection (IR) may play an important role in generating these switchbacks by forming unstable particle distributions that generate wave activity that in turn may evolve to such structures. IR occurs in very low beta plasmas and in the presence of strong guiding fields. Although IR is unlikely to release enough energy to provide an important contribution to the heating and acceleration of the solar wind, it affects the way the solar wind is connected to its sources, connecting open field lines to regions of closed fields. This "switching on" provides a mechanism by which plasma near coronal hole boundaries can mix with that trapped inside the closed loops. This mixing can lead to a new energy balance. It may significantly change the characteristics of the solar wind because this plasma is already pre-heated and can potentially have quite different density and particle distributions. It not only replenishes the solar wind, but also affects the electric field, which in turn affects the energy balance. This interpenetration is manifested by the formation of a bimodal ion distribution, with a core and a beam-like population. Such distributions are indeed frequently observed by the Parker Solar Probe. Here we provide a first step towards assessing the role of such processes in accelerating and heating the solar wind.Comment: Accepted in Parker Solar Probe Focus Issue (ApJ

Long-period intensity pulsations as the manifestation of heating stratification and timescale in solar coronal loops

Il a été découvert récemment que les pulsations d’intensité de longue période (entre 3 et 16 heures) sont très répandues dans la couronne solaire et en particulier dans les boucles coronales. Les processus de chauffage des boucles coronales, qui permettent de porter le plasma à des températures de l’ordre du million de degrés et de le maintenir confiné à ces températures,restent mal compris. Ces pulsations dans l’extrême ultraviolet amènent de nouvelles contraintes observationnelles pour les modèles de boucles coronales et par conséquent pour mieux comprendre leur dynamique et leur chauffage. Le thème central de cette thèse est l’exploration des origines physiques possibles pour ce phénomène.J’ai dans un premier temps utilisé un code de détection, initialement développé pour les données de l’imageur SoHO/EIT, sur l’archive de l’instrument SDO/AIA. J’ai pu détecter des milliers d’événements sur six ans de données,la moitié d’entre eux se concentrant dans des régions actives et environ la moitié encore de ces événements pouvant êtreclairement identifiés dans des boucles. Parmi ces milliers d’événements, j’ai sélectionné trois cas associés à des boucles, avecun signal de détection fort et permettant d’explorer une large gamme de périodes.Grâce à l’utilisation des six bandes coronales d’AIA, j’ai pu dans un deuxième temps réaliser une analyse de lastructure thermique de ces boucles via la reconstruction de la mesure d’émission différentielle (DEM, pour Differential Emission Measure) et l’étude des décalages temporels entre les intensités des six bandes. La température et la densité du plasma reconstruites évoluent de façon périodique avec un retard temporel entre ces deux quantités. Ce comportement,caractéristique de cycles d’évaporation et de condensation du plasma, m’a permis de rapprocher ces pulsations d’intensité à un phénomène bien connu dans les simulations numériques et pour des structures comme les protubérances et la pluie coronale : l’absence d’équilibre thermique ou thermal non-equilibrium (TNE). Une analyse des caractéristiques des spectres de puissances observés a permis par ailleurs de confirmer cette conclusion. Le TNE intervient lorsque le chauffage dans les boucles est stratifié en altitude, avec un chauffage plus important à basse altitude et lorsque le chauffage est quasi-constant.L’identification non ambigüe du TNE dans les boucles a donc des implications très importantes pour la compréhension du chauffage des boucles.Dans un troisième temps, je me suis attachée à reproduire ces pulsations d’intensité par la simulation et à déterminer les propriétés intrinsèques des boucles qui favorisent l’apparition de ces cycles d’évolution dans certaines boucles. J’ai notamment utilisé des extrapolations du champ magnétique des trois régions étudiées en détail avec AIA, pour étudier la géométrie de boucles. Ces géométries ont ensuite été utilisées en entrée du code de simulation hydrodynamique 1D. J’ai alors balayé l’espace des paramètres des fonctions de chauffage utilisées et pu déterminer que les conditions d’apparition de cycles de TNE proviennent d’une combinaison de la géométrie de la boucle et des paramètres du chauffage (asymétrie et puissance). Ce qui explique que certaines boucles présentent des pulsations d’intensité et d’autres non. J’ai de plus étudiéune simulation en particulier, dont les paramètres physiques du plasma sont proches de ceux observés pour un cas étudié avec AIA. Les intensités EUV alors simulées reproduisent bien celles observées. Le modèle étudié permet d’expliquer les pulsations observées en terme de cycles d’évaporation et de condensation.Long-period EUV intensity pulsations (periods from 3 to 16 hours) have been found recently to be very common in thesolar corona and especially in coronal loops. The heating mechanism(s) of solar coronal loops that generate million-degreeplasma and maintain it confined at this temperature remain unknown. These intensity pulsations (extreme ultraviolet)provide new constraints for loops models and thus to better understand coronal loops dynamics and heating. The centraltopic of this thesis is to explore the possible physical explanations for this phenomenon.First, I used a detection code, initially developed for SoHO/EIT images, on the SDO/AIA archive. I detected thousandsof events in the six years of data, half of them corresponding to active regions and about the half of whom are identifiedas corresponding to coronal loops. I selected three cases of long-period intensity pulsation events in loops, with a cleardetection signal and allowing to scan different periods.Second, using the six coronal channels of AIA, I made a detailed study of the thermal structure of these loops. I usedboth differential emission measure (DEM) reconstructions and an analysis of the time-lags between the intensities in thesix channels. The temperature and the density are found to be periodic with a time delay between these two physicalparameters of the plasma. This behavior is characteristic of evaporation and condensation cycles of the plasma and itallowed me to connect these intensity pulsations to thermal non-equilibrium (TNE), a well-know phenomenon in numericalsimulations and for structures such as prominences and coronal rain. Moreover, an analysis based only on the shape ofpower spectra allowed to confirm this conclusion. TNE happens when the heating is highly-stratified (mainly concentratedat low altitudes) and quasi-constant. Unambiguous identification of TNE in coronal loops has thus important implicationsfor understanding coronal heating.Third, I aimed at reproducing the observed intensity pulsations by simulations and at determining the intrinsicproperties of coronal loops that favor these particular cycles of evolution. I made extrapolations of the magnetic fieldfor the three regions studied to determine the loops geometry. These geometries have been then used as inputs for 1Dhydrodynamic simulations. I conducted a parameter space study that revealed that the TNE cycles occurrence is sensitiveto a combination of the loop geometry and heating parameters (asymmetry and heating power). This allows me to explainwhy these pulsations are encountered in some loops but not in all. I studied one simulation in particular, matching theobserved characteristics of the plasma evolution. I derived the corresponding AIA synthetic intensities which reproducedthe main characteristics of the observed pulsations. This model allows me to explain the observed pulsations as evaporationand condensation cycles

Pulsations d’intensité de longue période : signature de la stratification et de la fréquence du chauffage dans les boucles coronales solaires

Long-period EUV intensity pulsations (periods from 3 to 16 hours) have been found recently to be very common in thesolar corona and especially in coronal loops. The heating mechanism(s) of solar coronal loops that generate million-degreeplasma and maintain it confined at this temperature remain unknown. These intensity pulsations (extreme ultraviolet)provide new constraints for loops models and thus to better understand coronal loops dynamics and heating. The centraltopic of this thesis is to explore the possible physical explanations for this phenomenon.First, I used a detection code, initially developed for SoHO/EIT images, on the SDO/AIA archive. I detected thousandsof events in the six years of data, half of them corresponding to active regions and about the half of whom are identifiedas corresponding to coronal loops. I selected three cases of long-period intensity pulsation events in loops, with a cleardetection signal and allowing to scan different periods.Second, using the six coronal channels of AIA, I made a detailed study of the thermal structure of these loops. I usedboth differential emission measure (DEM) reconstructions and an analysis of the time-lags between the intensities in thesix channels. The temperature and the density are found to be periodic with a time delay between these two physicalparameters of the plasma. This behavior is characteristic of evaporation and condensation cycles of the plasma and itallowed me to connect these intensity pulsations to thermal non-equilibrium (TNE), a well-know phenomenon in numericalsimulations and for structures such as prominences and coronal rain. Moreover, an analysis based only on the shape ofpower spectra allowed to confirm this conclusion. TNE happens when the heating is highly-stratified (mainly concentratedat low altitudes) and quasi-constant. Unambiguous identification of TNE in coronal loops has thus important implicationsfor understanding coronal heating.Third, I aimed at reproducing the observed intensity pulsations by simulations and at determining the intrinsicproperties of coronal loops that favor these particular cycles of evolution. I made extrapolations of the magnetic fieldfor the three regions studied to determine the loops geometry. These geometries have been then used as inputs for 1Dhydrodynamic simulations. I conducted a parameter space study that revealed that the TNE cycles occurrence is sensitiveto a combination of the loop geometry and heating parameters (asymmetry and heating power). This allows me to explainwhy these pulsations are encountered in some loops but not in all. I studied one simulation in particular, matching theobserved characteristics of the plasma evolution. I derived the corresponding AIA synthetic intensities which reproducedthe main characteristics of the observed pulsations. This model allows me to explain the observed pulsations as evaporationand condensation cycles.Il a été découvert récemment que les pulsations d’intensité de longue période (entre 3 et 16 heures) sont très répandues dans la couronne solaire et en particulier dans les boucles coronales. Les processus de chauffage des boucles coronales, qui permettent de porter le plasma à des températures de l’ordre du million de degrés et de le maintenir confiné à ces températures,restent mal compris. Ces pulsations dans l’extrême ultraviolet amènent de nouvelles contraintes observationnelles pour les modèles de boucles coronales et par conséquent pour mieux comprendre leur dynamique et leur chauffage. Le thème central de cette thèse est l’exploration des origines physiques possibles pour ce phénomène.J’ai dans un premier temps utilisé un code de détection, initialement développé pour les données de l’imageur SoHO/EIT, sur l’archive de l’instrument SDO/AIA. J’ai pu détecter des milliers d’événements sur six ans de données,la moitié d’entre eux se concentrant dans des régions actives et environ la moitié encore de ces événements pouvant êtreclairement identifiés dans des boucles. Parmi ces milliers d’événements, j’ai sélectionné trois cas associés à des boucles, avecun signal de détection fort et permettant d’explorer une large gamme de périodes.Grâce à l’utilisation des six bandes coronales d’AIA, j’ai pu dans un deuxième temps réaliser une analyse de lastructure thermique de ces boucles via la reconstruction de la mesure d’émission différentielle (DEM, pour Differential Emission Measure) et l’étude des décalages temporels entre les intensités des six bandes. La température et la densité du plasma reconstruites évoluent de façon périodique avec un retard temporel entre ces deux quantités. Ce comportement,caractéristique de cycles d’évaporation et de condensation du plasma, m’a permis de rapprocher ces pulsations d’intensité à un phénomène bien connu dans les simulations numériques et pour des structures comme les protubérances et la pluie coronale : l’absence d’équilibre thermique ou thermal non-equilibrium (TNE). Une analyse des caractéristiques des spectres de puissances observés a permis par ailleurs de confirmer cette conclusion. Le TNE intervient lorsque le chauffage dans les boucles est stratifié en altitude, avec un chauffage plus important à basse altitude et lorsque le chauffage est quasi-constant.L’identification non ambigüe du TNE dans les boucles a donc des implications très importantes pour la compréhension du chauffage des boucles.Dans un troisième temps, je me suis attachée à reproduire ces pulsations d’intensité par la simulation et à déterminer les propriétés intrinsèques des boucles qui favorisent l’apparition de ces cycles d’évolution dans certaines boucles. J’ai notamment utilisé des extrapolations du champ magnétique des trois régions étudiées en détail avec AIA, pour étudier la géométrie de boucles. Ces géométries ont ensuite été utilisées en entrée du code de simulation hydrodynamique 1D. J’ai alors balayé l’espace des paramètres des fonctions de chauffage utilisées et pu déterminer que les conditions d’apparition de cycles de TNE proviennent d’une combinaison de la géométrie de la boucle et des paramètres du chauffage (asymétrie et puissance). Ce qui explique que certaines boucles présentent des pulsations d’intensité et d’autres non. J’ai de plus étudiéune simulation en particulier, dont les paramètres physiques du plasma sont proches de ceux observés pour un cas étudié avec AIA. Les intensités EUV alors simulées reproduisent bien celles observées. Le modèle étudié permet d’expliquer les pulsations observées en terme de cycles d’évaporation et de condensation

Cool Multiphase Plasma in Hot Environments

International audienceCool plasmas (≈ 104 K) embedded in a larger, much hotter (>106 K) medium are ubiquitous in different astrophysical systems such as solar & stellar coronae, the circumgalactic (CGM), interstellar (ISM) and intra-cluster (ICM) media. The role of these multiphase plasmas has been highlighted in mass-energy cycles at all such scales, from thermal non-equilibrium (TNE) cycles in the solar atmosphere to precipitation-regulated feedback cycles that drive star and galaxy formation. The properties of the cool plasmas across these multiple scales is strikingly similar, intimately linked to the yet unclear but fundamental mechanisms of coronal and ICM heating and instabilities of thermal or other nature. The solar corona constitutes a formidable and unique astrophysics laboratory where we can spatially and temporally resolve the physics of such multiphase plasma. The multi-faceted and measured response of the solar atmosphere to the heating is exemplified by TNE cycles that manifest through EUV intensity pulsations and through the generation of cool coronal rain and prominences whose mysterious properties are like that of multiphase filamentary structure in the ISM and ICM or to molecular loops in the Galactic centre. Coronal rain also occurs across a wide energetic scale extending to flares, whose features seem recurrent in active stars but remains poorly investigated due to lack of multi-temperature coverage at appropriate resolution. The formation and stability-loss of prominences is of major importance to space weather and their 'slingshot' counterparts provide unique diagnostic capabilities to the wind mass-loss rate. These exciting new cross-disciplinary possibilities are part of a Heliophysics Decadal Survey white paper and call for a high-resolution multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopic solar instrument able to capture the multithermal, dynamic and pervasive nature of the multiphase plasma in the hot solar corona

Formation of coronal rain triggered by impulsive heating associated with magnetic reconnection

Context. Coronal rain consists of cool plasma condensations formed in coronal loops as a result of thermal instability. The standard models of coronal rain formation assume that the heating is quasi-steady and localised at the coronal loop footpoints. Aims. We present an observation of magnetic reconnection in the corona and the associated impulsive heating triggering formation of coronal rain condensations. Methods. We analyse combined SDO/AIA and IRIS observations of a coronal rain event following a reconnection between threads of a low-lying prominence flux rope and surrounding coronal field lines. Results. The reconnection of the twisted flux rope and open field lines leads to a release of magnetic twist. Evolution of the emission of one of the coronal loops involved in the reconnection process in different AIA bandpasses suggests that the loop becomes thermally unstable and is subject to the formation of coronal rain condensations following the reconnection and that the associated heating is localised in the upper part of the loop leg. Conclusions. In addition to the standard models of thermally unstable coronal loops with heating localised exclusively in the footpoints, thermal instability and subsequent formation of condensations can be triggered by the impulsive heating associated with magnetic reconnection occurring anywhere along a magnetic field line