Activities and food resources of wintering Teal (Anas crecca) in a diurnal feeding site : a case study in western France

In winter, dabbling ducks generally use a set of two distinct habitats over the 24-hour cycle, resting in large groups on a few large waterbodies during daylight hours, and dispersing at night into many smaller feeding habitats. In sorne circumstances, birds use the same site during both daylight hours and during the night. This study was conducted on a small (< 1 ha) pond used by Teal (Anas crecca) by day and by night in the early part of the winter. Duck numbers were not related either to the abundance of food resources, water levels or pond area. Teal had the same pattern of behaviour during daylight and at night, foraging being the main activity through the whole period of their presence on the site. Comfort activities decreased with increasing water levels and pond area, perhaps because the predation risk is greater in these conditions. This study contributes to understanding the factors affecting the use of diurnal feeding sites by TealEn hiver, les canards de surface utilisent en général deux types d'habitats distincts au cours des 24 heures, les oiseaux se reposant en grand nombre la journée sur quelques plans d'eau de grande taille, et se dispersant la nuit pour s'alimenter sur de nombreuses zones plus petites. Dans certains cas, les canards peuvent toutefois utiliser le même plan d'eau le jour et la nuit. Cette étude a été menée sur un plan d'eau de moins d'un hectare, utilisé par des Sarcelles d'hiver (Anas crecca) à la fois le jour et la nuit au début de l'hiver. Le nombre de canards n'était pas lié à l'abondance des ressources alimentaires, aux niveaux d'eau ou à la surface du bassin. Leur budget-temps n'était pas différent entre le jour et la nuit, l'alimentation étant toujours l'activité principale. L'importance des activités de confort a décliné avec l'augmentation des niveaux d'eau et de la surface du bassin, qui a pu augmenter le risque de prédation potentielle. Cette étude permet de mieux comprendre les facteurs régissant l'utilisation de zones d'alimentation diurnes par les sarcelles d'hive

The use of an artificial wetland by Shoveler Anas clypeata in western France: the role of food resources

Sewage works are known to be attractive to waterbirds, especially during the breeding season. The sewage works of Rochefort (Western France) regularly hosts internationally important numbers of wintering Shovelers (> 400 individuals). During the present study the number of Shovelers present over the winter period was related to zooplankton density. Since zooplankton density differed between the eight ponds of the station, we tested if the birds' spatial distribution reflected food abundance. Pond size and zooplankton abundance were negatively correlated. Ducks concentrated on ponds of intermediate invertebrate richness and intermediate size, suggesting that pond size as weil as food abundance affected their distribution. The relative avoidance of large ponds could be due to low resource availability and the avoidance of small ponds with restricted visibility may be related to minimizing the risk of predation. We propose an experimental test of the second hypothesis. If our interpretation is confirmed, then these results have implications for the planning of future sewage treatment works: where use by Shoveler is an objective, ponds should be large (> 5 ha) in order to allow birds to distribute in an optimal manner and thus to use the site to its full potentialLes stations d'épuration sont des zones favorables aux oiseaux d'eau, particulièrement en période de reproduction. La station d'épuration de Rochefort, dans l'ouest de la France, revêt une importance internationale pour le Canard souchet en hivernage (> 400 individus). Durant cette étude, le nombre de Souchets hivernants était lié à la densité de zooplankton. La densité de zooplankton étant différente dans les huit bassins de la station, nous avons testé la relation entre distribution spatiale des oiseaux sur le site et distribution des proies. La taille des bassins et leur densité de zooplancton étaient inversement corrélées. Les canards utilisaient principalement les bassins de taille et de densité de plancton intermédiaires, suggérant que les deux facteurs déterminaient leur distribution. L'évitement des grands bassins semble lié à la faible disponibilité de ressources, alors que les bassins petits pourraient avoir été peu utilisés afin d'éviter un risque de prédation potentiel. Nous proposons un test expérimental de cette dernière hypothèse. Si cette interprétation était vérifiée, les résultats de ce travail pourraient permettre de concevoir les futures stations d'épuration de manière à les rendre pleinement utilisables par les Souchets, en augmentant la taille des bassins (> 5 ha) afin d'assurer une distribution optimale des oiseaux

Effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices sur la faune sauvage

Human leisure activities are becoming more and more various and widespread, which may increase their potential consequences for wildlife in terms of disturbance. This paper summarizes existing knowledge on the effect of non-consumptive (i.e. not hunting nor fishing) leisure activities on wildlife. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive literature review but through the selection of relevant literature to examine the various aspects of the subject. First, we present the different definitions of disturbance, list the types of activities most likely to affect wildlife, and the species or taxonomic groups generally considered as being the most susceptible. Then, we summarize the various means of measuring the effects of disturbance, highlighting the fact that, though generally most obvious, changes in animal behaviour are not necessarily the most appropriate index of disturbance. Then we present the various scales at which disturbance has been studied, from individual behaviour to population dynamics. Finally, we suggest further research priorities, especially the recognized need for more experimental studies and studies of long-term effects of disturbance on individual fitness, hence population dynamics, since it is at this scale that appropriate management measures of disturbance have to be taken in the futureLes activités de loisirs sont de plus en plus variées et répandues, ce qui peut augmenter leurs effets en termes de dérangement de la faune sauvage. Dans cet article, nous présentons une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur l'effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices (ne prenant pas en compte la chasse et la pêche, dont les effets ont été largement étudiés par ailleurs) pour les espèces sauvages. L'objectif n'est pas de fournir une revue exhaustive de la littérature, mais plutôt de présenter une sélection des publications pertinentes sur les différents aspects du sujet. Nous présentons d'abord les différentes définitions de la notion de dérangement, listons les activités reconnues comme les plus dérangeantes et les espèces ou groupes taxinomiques considérés comme les plus sensibles. La définition du dérangement que nous retenons ici est « toute déviation du comportement normal en réponse à des événements inattendus à proximité d'un animal ». Une grande variété d'activités de loisirs peuvent entraîner un dérangement de la faune sauvage, en particulier celles employant des véhicules à moteur ou celles amenant un contact rapproché entre le pratiquant et la faune sauvage (que ce rapprochement soit recherché ou non). La littérature démontre que tous les groupes animaux peuvent potentiellement être affectés par les activités de loisirs, même si c'est chez les oiseaux et les mammifères que le phénomène a été le plus étudié. Suite à ces définitions et revues initiales, nous résumons les différents modes de mesure du dérangement, mettant en exergue le fait que le changement de comportement des animaux, même s'il est un critère souvent évident à mesurer, n'est pas forcément le meilleur indicateur du dérangement. Car les individus commencent généralement à ressentir ses effets avant de modifier leurs activités ou de quitter la zone dérangée. Nous présentons ensuite les différentes échelles auxquelles le dérangement a été étudié, du comportement individuel à la dynamique des populations, les effets sur les populations étant évidemment les plus difficiles à mesurer, mais aussi les plus cruciaux à long terme. Nous suggérons donc quelques perspectives de recherche, en particulier le besoin reconnu de travaux expérimentaux et sur les conséquences du dérangement à long terme pour la valeur sélective des individus, donc la dynamique des populations. C'est en effet à cette échelle que doivent être prises les mesures de gestion adéquates dans le futur

The Picture Pile Tool for Rapid Image Assessment: A Demonstration using Hurricane Matthew

In 2016, Hurricane Matthew devastated many parts of the Caribbean, in particular the country of Haiti. More than 500 people died and the damage was estimated at 1.9billionUSD. At the time, the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) activated their network of volunteers to create base maps of areas affected by the hurricane, in particular coastal communities in the path of the storm. To help improve HOT’s information workflow for disaster response, one strand of the Crowd4Sat project, which was funded by the European Space Agency, focussed on examining where the Picture Pile Tool, an application for rapid image interpretation and classification, could potentially contribute. Satellite images obtained from the time that Hurricane Matthew occurred were used to simulate a situation post-event, where the aim was to demonstrate how Picture Pile could be used to create a map of building damage. The aim of this paper is to present the Picture Pile tool and show the results from this simulation, which produced a crowdsourced map of damaged buildings for a selected area of Haiti in 1 week (but with increased confidence in the results over a 3 week period). A quality assessment of the results showed that the volunteers agreed with experts and the majority of individual classifications around 92% of the time, indicating that the crowd performed well in this task. The next stage will involve optimizing the workflow for the use of Picture Pile in future natural disaster situations

Aquaporin-facilitated water uptake in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots

It is not known to what degree aquaporin-facilitated water uptake differs between root developmental regions and types of root. The aim of this study was to measure aquaporin-dependent water flow in the main types of root and root developmental regions of 14- to 17-d-old barley plants and to identify candidate aquaporins which mediate this flow. Water flow at root level was related to flow at cell and plant level. Plants were grown hydroponically. Hydraulic conductivity of cells and roots was determined with a pressure probe and through exudation, respectively, and whole-plant water flow (transpiration) determined gravimetrically in response to the commonly used aquaporin inhibitor HgCl2. Expression of aquaporins was analysed by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. Hydraulic conductivity of cortical cells in seminal roots was largest in lateral roots; it was smallest in the fully mature zone and intermediate in the not fully mature ‘transition’ zone along the main root axis. Adventitious roots displayed an even higher (3- to 4-fold) cortical cell hydraulic conductivity in the transition zone. This coincided with 3- to 4-fold higher expression of three aquaporins (HvPIP2;2, HvPIP2;5, HvTIP1:1). These were expressed (also) in cortical tissue. The largest inhibition of water flow (83–95%) in response to HgCl2 was observed in cortical cells. Water flow through roots and plants was reduced less (40–74%). It is concluded that aquaporins contribute substantially to root water uptake in 14- to 17-d-old barley plants. Most water uptake occurs through lateral roots. HvPIP2;5, HvPIP2;2, and HvTIP1;1 are prime candidates to mediate water flow in cortical tissue

Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Common Teal (Anas crecca) in Europe

Since the recent spread of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 subtypes, avian influenza virus (AIV) dispersal has become an increasing focus of research. As for any other bird-borne pathogen, dispersal of these viruses is related to local and migratory movements of their hosts. In this study, we investigated potential AIV spread by Common Teal (Anas crecca) from the Camargue area, in the South of France, across Europe. Based on bird-ring recoveries, local duck population sizes and prevalence of infection with these viruses, we built an individual-based spatially explicit model describing bird movements, both locally (between wintering areas) and at the flyway scale. We investigated the effects of viral excretion duration and inactivation rate in water by simulating AIV spread with varying values for these two parameters. The results indicate that an efficient AIV dispersal in space is possible only for excretion durations longer than 7 days. Virus inactivation rate in the environment appears as a key parameter in the model because it allows local persistence of AIV over several months, the interval between two migratory periods. Virus persistence in water thus represents an important component of contamination risk as ducks migrate along their flyway. Based on the present modelling exercise, we also argue that HP H5N1 AIV is unlikely to be efficiently spread by Common Teal dispersal only