18 research outputs found
Unionization and wages: a quantile analysis
The aim of this article is to analyse the wage effects of unionization in a sample of the Brazilian population in 2015. Using data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and its supplement on labour relations and unionization, econometric techniques (ordinary least squares, propensity score matching and unconditional quantile regressions) are used to test the hypotheses that being unionized affects wages, and whether there is an additional benefit in the case of unions that participate more actively with their members. The results show that there is a positive relationship between unionization and average wages. It was also found that an increase in total unionization seems to reduce the pay of workers at the lower end of the distribution, but raise wages for the majority of the population. In addition, unions that participated in an agreement in the last 365 days generated average gains of 4.3%
Eficiência dos gastos públicos municipais em saúde: uma análise utilizando o método DEA em dois estágios
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a eficiência do gasto público municipal em saúde no Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso é utilizado o método Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) com correção de viés usando Bootstrap e variáveis socioeconômicas, conforme Simar e Wilson (2007). Os dados foram obtidos no DATASUS e no Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano. Considerando os resultados obtidos com o método DEA convencional, 19 municípios mostraram-se eficientes. Após a correção de viés, apenas um município permaneceu como eficiente
Sindicalización y salarios: análisis por cuantiles
El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar los efectos de la sindicalización en los salarios de una muestra de la población brasileña en 2015. A partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (PNAD) y su suplemento sobre relaciones laborales y sindicalización, se investigaron —mediante técnicas econométricas (mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión y regresiones cuantílicas no condicionales)— las hipótesis de que estar sindicalizado afecta los salarios y de que existe un beneficio extra para las entidades más participativas en relación con los afiliados. Los resultados muestran que, en promedio, existe una relación positiva entre sindicatos y salarios. También se verificó que un aumento de la sindicalización total reduciría los salarios de las personas que ganan menos, pero aumentaría los de la mayor parte de la población. Además, los sindicatos que participaron en algún acuerdo en los últimos 365 días generaron ganancias medias del 4,3%
Disponibilidade de dados públicos em tempo oportuno para a gestão: análise das ondas da COVID-19
The aim of this study is to support health management, with recent and reliable information, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notified and confirmed cases and deaths by COVID-19 were evaluated from three public databases. 1) Data from the Coronavirus Panel of the Ministry of Health, updated daily, show the existence of two epidemic waves. 2) The Civil Registry Transparency Portal, also with recent data, points to high mortality rates of COVID-19, especially in older age groups. 3) The cases, reported by the Information System of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza (Sivep-gripe), confirmed mainly by laboratory test, show predominance of men, high age groups, white race/color, residence in urban areas, presence of comorbidities, higher occurrence of hospitalization and lower use of intensive care unit. This last database, in addition to the first wave, records only the first eight epidemiological weeks of the second wave. The vertiginous rate of increase in cases and deaths in the second wave points to the need for more drastic measures of social distancing, in addition to the expansion of vaccination against COVID-19. The combination of the three banks expands information that can support timely decision-making.O objetivo deste estudo é apoiar a gestão em saúde, com informações recentes e confiáveis, durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Casos notificados e confirmados e óbitos por COVID-19 foram avaliados a partir de três bancos de dados públicos.1) Dados do Painel Coronavírus do Ministério da Saúde, atualizados diariamente, mostram a existência de duas ondas epidêmicas. 2) O Portal da Transparência do Registro Civil, também com dados recentes, aponta altas taxas de mortalidade do COVID-19, especialmente nas faixas etárias mais velhas. 3) Os casos notificados pelo Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Influenza (Sivep-gripe), confirmados principalmente por exame laboratorial, mostram predominância de homens, faixas etárias elevadas, raça/cor branca, residência em áreas urbanas, presença de comorbidades, maior ocorrência de internação e menor uso de unidade de terapia intensiva. Esta última base de dados, além da primeira onda, registra apenas as primeiras oito semanas epidemiológicas da segunda onda. A vertiginosa taxa de aumento de casos e óbitos na segunda onda aponta para a necessidade de medidas mais drásticas de distanciamento social, além da expansão da vacinação contra o COVID-19. A combinação dos três bancos expande as informações, que podem apoiar a tomada de decisões em tempo oportuno
The disruption of elective procedures due to COVID‑19 in Brazil in 2020
Elective procedures were temporarily suspended several times over the course of the pandemic of COVID-19. Monthly data from the Unifed Health System (SUS) were used for the period between January 2008 and December 2020 and the interrupted time series method was used to estimate the efect of the pandemic on the number of elective surgeries and elective procedures that were not performed. Considering a 9-month period, a reduction of 46% in the number of elective procedures carried out in the SUS could be attributed to COVID-19, corresponding to about 828,429 elective procedures cancelled, ranging from 549,921 to 1,106,936. To a full recovery of pre-pandemic performance, SUS would need to increase about 21,362 hospital beds, ranging from 12,370 to 36,392 hospital beds during a 6 month-period. This efort would represent an increase of 8.48% (ranging from 4.91 to 14.45%) in relation to the total number of SUS’s hospital beds in 2019. As a result, the pandemic will leave a large number of elective procedures to be carried out, which will require eforts by health agencies to meet this demand
Trends in COVID-19 case-fatality rates in Brazilian public hospitals : a longitudinal cohort of 398,063 hospital admissions from 1st March to 3rd October 2020
Almost 200,000 deaths from COVID-19 were reported in Brazil in 2020. The case fatality rate of a new infectious disease can vary by different risk factors and over time. We analysed the trends and associated factors of COVID-19 case fatality rates in Brazilian public hospital admissions during the first wave of the pandemic
Fluxo de internação por COVID-19 nas regiões de saúde do Brasil
Objective: To investigate the flows of hospitalizations for COVID-19 in the 450 regions and 117 Brazilian health macro-regions between March and October 2020. Method: Descriptive study, comprising all hospitalizations due to COVID-19 registered in the Flu Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe) between the 8th and 44th epidemiological weeks of 2020. The proportion of hospitalizations for COVID-19 occurred within same health region of residency was calculated, stratified according to periods of greater and lesser demand for health care, according to the population size of health regions. The indicator of migratory efficacy was calculated, which takes into account the evasion and invasion of patients, by crossing the data of origin of the patients (health region of residence) with the data of the place of hospitalization (health region of attendance). Results: 397,830 admissions were identified for COVID-19 in the period. Evasion was 11.9% of residents in health regions and 6.8% in macro-regions, pattern that was maintained during the peak period of hospitalizations for COVID-19. There was an average of 17.6% of evasion of residents of health regions in the Northeast and of 8.8% in health regions of the South. Evasion was more accentuated in health regions with up to 100 thousand / inhabitants (36.9%), which was 7 times greater than that observed in health regions with more than 2 million / inhabitants (5.2%). The negative migratory efficacy indicator (-0.39) indicated a predominance of evasion. Of the 450 Brazilian health regions, 117 (39.3%) had a coefficient of migratory efficacy between -1 and -0.75 and 113 (25.1%) between -0.75 and -0.25. Conclusion: The results indicate that the regionalization of the health system proved to be adequate in the organization of care in the territory, however the long distances traveled are still worrying.Objetivo: Investigar os fluxos de internações por COVID-19 nas 450 regiões e 117 macrorregiões de saúde brasileiras no período de março a outubro de 2020. Método: Estudo descritivo, compreendendo todas as internações por COVID-19 registradas no Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe) entre a 8ª e a 44ª semanas epidemiológicas de 2020. Foi calculada a proporção das internações por COVID-19 realizadas pelos residentes que ocorreram dentro da sua respectiva região de saúde, estratificado segundo períodos de maior e menor demanda de internações e segundo o porte populacional das regiões de saúde. Foi calculado o indicador de eficácia migratória, que leva em consideração a evasão e invasão de pacientes, por meio do cruzamento dos dados de origem dos pacientes (região de saúde de residência) com os dados do local da realização das internações (região de saúde de atendimento). Resultados: Foram identificadas 397.830 internações por COVID-19 no Brasil. A evasão foi de 11,9% dos residentes nas regiões de saúde e de 6,8% nas macrorregiões; o padrão que se manteve também no período de pico das internações por COVID-19. Houve em média 17,6% de evasão dos residentes das regiões de saúde do Nordeste e de 8,8% nas regiões de saúde do Sul. A evasão foi mais acentuada nas regiões de saúde com até 100 mil/hab. (36,9%), a qual foi 7 vezes maior que a verificada nas regiões de saúde com mais de 2 milhões/habitantes (5,2%). O indicador de eficácia migratória negativo (-0,39) indicou predomínio da evasão. Das 450 regiões de saúde brasileiras, 117 (39,3%) apresentaram coeficiente de eficácia migratória entre -1 e -0,75 e 113 (25,1%) entre -0,75 e -0,25. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a regionalização do sistema de saúde mostrou-se adequada na organização do atendimento no território, porém as longas distâncias percorridas ainda são preocupante
Factors associated with family, school and behavioral characteristics on sexual initiation: A gender analysis for Brazilian adolescents.
Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. The article aims to study the individual, family and school characteristics of adolescents beginning their sexual lives. The database we used was the 2015 PeNSE (National Adolescent School-based Health Survey) and the methodology was the survival analysis. The results show that boys initiate sexual activity before girls and risky behaviors associated with the use of licit and illicit drugs increase the chance of having early sex. In addition, this work highlights the importance of parental practices in reducing the chances of beginning sexual activity, as well as the presence of school workshops on the risks of pregnancy. It should be noted that intervention strategies need to be differentiated according to gender in order to increase effectiveness
O efeito do Bolsa Família sobre a distorção idade-série
Em 2019, a taxa de distorção idade-série foi de 23,4% e 26,2% para os anos finais do ensino fundamental e do ensino médio, respectivamente. As elevadas taxas de distorção idade-série (TDI) reduzem a escolarização e elevam os custos decorrentes do atraso escolar. O objetivo desse trabalho é estimar o efeito do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) sobre a distorção idade-série. Foram utilizados os microdados do Suplemento Educação da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras por Domicílio Contínua, referente ao 2º Trimestre dos anos de 2016 a 2019, e a técnica utilizada foi o Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Os resultados mostraram que participar do PBF reduz entre 2,23 e 6,02 p.p. a TDI. Os efeitos são maiores para os meninos, redução entre 3,99 e 7,22 p.p., e na região Centro-Oeste, cuja redução foi de 11,1 p.p. Os resultados nos levaram a concluir que o PBF gera efeitos positivos sobre indicadores educacionais.In 2019, the age-grade distortion rate was 23.4% and 26.2% for the final years of elementary and high school, respectively. The high rates of age-grade distortion (TDI) reduce schooling and increase costs due to school delay. The objective of this work is to estimate the effect of the Bolsa Familia Program (PBF) on age-grade distortion. The microdata from the Education Supplement of the National Sample Survey by Continuous Household for the 2nd Quarter of the years 2016 to 2019 were used, and the technique used was the Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The results showed that participating in the PBF reduces between the distortion 2.23 and 6.02 p.p. The effects are greater for boys, reduction between 3.99 and 7.22 p.p., and in the Midwest region, whose reduction was 11.1 p.p. The results led us to conclude that the PBF generates positive effects on educational indicators