La población agraria y los partidos en la Alernania guillermina: La crítica tradicional a la autoridad y la génesis del antiliberalismo

The author analyses Barrington Moore’s approach to totalitarianism origins based on aggrading interests and structures- in the light of recent approaches lo the agrarian Germany in the XIX and XX centuries. The author compares the different regions and suggests that some traditions of rural mobilization, supported by specific local organizations resulted in the rise of Ihe Nazi policy

La población agraria y los partidos en la Alemania guillermina: La crítica tradicional a la autoridad y la génesis del antiliberalismo

El autor retoma los planteamientos que hizo en su día Bamngton Moore sobre los orígenes del totalitarismo a partir de determinado tipo de intereses y estructuras agrarias, para discutirlos, en función de los análisis recíentes, sobre la Alemania agraria de los siglos XIX y XX. El autor realiza una comparación regional y propone que fueron determinadas tradiciones de movilización campesina, apoyadas en formas de organización local específica, lo que acabó apoyando el ascenso de la política nazi.The author analyses Barrington Moore’s approach to totalitarianism origins based on aggrading interests and structures- in the light of recent approaches lo the agrarian Germany in the XIX and XX centuries. The author compares the different regions and suggests that some traditions of rural mobilization, supported by specific local organizations resulted in the rise of Ihe Nazi policy

Nutrition screening: science behind simplicity

No Abstrac

Cuius regio, eius religio: The ambivalent meanings of state-building in Protestant Germany, 1555-1655

Central Europe at the turn of the sixteenth century may best be understood as a collection of three supra-national polities: the Hungarian Kingdom, the Polish-Lithuanian Confederation and the Empire of the German Nation.1 None of these Empires survived the early modern period. The kingdom of Hungary was shattered by the Turkish victory at Mohács in 1526. Poland saw troops from Sweden and Brandenburg in Warsaw as early as 1656. Though Poland recovered afterwards, the Polish sejm came under the influence of noble factions paid from Moscow, Vienna and Berlin in the 1730s if not earlier. Movements to restore independence led to the first (1772) and second (1793) partitions of Poland and ultimately to the complete dissolution of a sovereign Polish state. The invasion and conquest of areas of the Empire of the German Nation by armies of the French Republic after 1793 led to the redistribution of the lands of the imperial Catholic church among more powerful dynasties, primarily in Prussia, Austria, Württemberg, Bavaria and Baden (in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803), to alliances of most of them with Napoleon and to the dissolution of the empire in 1804-1806

Dairy intake-related intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of South African nutrition professionals

Background: Intake of dairy-related nutrients of South Africans is low. Nutrition professionals may influence dietary behaviour. Their own disposition related to dairy is unknown, yet important in promoting the “have milk, maas or yoghurt every day” guideline.Aim: Guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), this study aimed to describe determinants of target behaviour of consumption of 2–3 servings of dairy daily among nutrition professionals.Methods: An electronic survey (Qualtrics Online Survey Software) of conveniently sampled Association for Dietetics in South Africa (ADSA) and Nutrition Society of South Africa (NSSA) members determined their dairy-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control regarding dairy in general, and of milk, maas, yoghurt and cheese.Results: Three hundred and six (306) responses (aged 36.4 ± 10.5 years) were received. A third of nutrition professionals reported that their daily dairy intake was 2–3 servings 4–6 times per week, yet over 40% met the target once per week or less often. Intake differed across products. Intention to consume the target was high (5.2 ± 0.12; scale 1–7). Attitudinal evaluations revealed highest belief scores related to nutritional quality and bone health. Associations with cancer development, diabetes and the environment were believed to be least likely. Professional training and scientific evidence emerged as the strongest subjective norms. Nutrition professionals perceived themselves to be in control of the target behaviour, yet their clients significantly less so (p < 0.0001).Conclusion: Nutrition professionals’ attitudes, subjective norms and behavioural control can aid responsive empowerment to support dairy-related nutrition education of South Africans.Keywords: dairy intake, nutrition professionals, Theory of Planned Behaviou

Multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)

International audienceMulti Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) in the atmosphere is a novel measurement technique that represents a significant advance on the well-established zenith scattered sunlight DOAS instruments which are mainly sensitive to stratospheric absorbers. MAX-DOAS utilizes scattered sunlight received from multiple viewing directions. The spatial distribution of various trace gases close to the instrument can be derived by combining several viewing directions. Ground based MAX-DOAS is highly sensitive to absorbers in the lowest few kilometres of the atmosphere and vertical profile information can be retrieved by combining the measurements with Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) calculations. The potential of the technique for a wide variety of studies of tropospheric trace species and its (few) limitations are discussed. A Monte Carlo RTM is applied to calculate Airmass Factors (AMF) for the various viewing geometries of MAX-DOAS. Airmass Factors can be used to quantify the light path length within the absorber layers. The airmass factor dependencies on the viewing direction and the influence of several parameters (trace gas profile, ground albedo, aerosol profile and type, solar zenith and azimuth angles) are investigated. In addition we give a brief description of the instrumental MAX-DOAS systems realised and deployed so far. The results of the RTM studies are compared to several examples of recent MAX-DOAS field experiments and an outlook for future possible applications is given

Differenz und Integration im Bildungswesen der Moderne

Seit der Französischen Revolution wird Standesdenken in Bezug auf Bildung nicht mehr nur pädagogisch, sondern auch verfassungsrechtlich in Frage gestellt. Doch in der Organisation öffentlicher Bildungseinrichtungen standen sich individuelle Differenz und allgemeine Integration nur zu oft im Wege, in den bildungspolitischen Kontroversen wurden sie nur zu häufig gegeneinander ausgespielt. In der aktuellen Diskussion über Differenz und Integration im Bildungswesen stehen vor allem drei konstitutionelle Verschiedenheiten im Mittelpunkt der Aufmerksamkeit: die kulturelle Identität ethnischer Minderheiten, die Geschlechterdifferenz und der gemeinsame Schulbesuch von behinderten und nicht behinderten Kindern. Was aber bedeutet es organisatorisch wie pädagogisch, wenn es nun um Differenzen geht, die außerhalb der Reichweite individueller Selbstverwirklichung liegen - wenn Chancengleichheit also nicht die Möglichkeit eröffnet, nach eigener Bestimmung gleich oder ungleich zu ein, die unbefragten Bindungen ethnischer Identität nicht zerbrochen, sondern erhalten, die Differenzen zwischen Weiblichkeit und Männlichkeit gerade nicht zugunsten universalen Menschseins aufgehoben werden sollen, ein von Geburt blindes Kind die Welt anders erlebt als seine sehenden Mitmenschen? Anhaltspunkte für die Beantwortung dieser Fragen lassen sich gegenwärtig in der Moralphilosophischen, in der rechtssoziologischen und der differentialpädagogischen Diskussion finden. (ICB2

Derivation of Trace Gas Information combining Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy with Radiative Transfer Modelling

The Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) is an established remote sensing technique for atmospheric constituent probing. To derive quantitative distribution data of trace gas distributions it is necessary to combine novel measurement techniques like Multi-Axis DOAS with realistic radiative transfer modelling. In this thesis three three-dimensional spherical Monte Carlo based radiative transfer model TRACY is brought to operational status and employed for the interpretation of several own and existing measurements with different DOAS platforms. In contrast to established models, no approximations and simplifications of geometry or physical processes are needed. Additional model output parameters describing the scattering of the light allow for the understanding of the spectroscopic model results and for conclusions on the geometrie’s sensitivity to certain trace gas distribution shapes. The decisive role of the aerosols in radiative transfer was investigated. They were found to influence measurement to an extent rendering any geometric approximation of the measurement sensitivity invalid. Combination of measured quantities including O4 absorption with modelling allow for conclusions on their abundance. They, in conjunction with knowledge on sources and sinks of the considered species, allow for the projection of unknown parameters onto measurable quantities, which facilitates the derivation of quantitative distributions