Modificações e características das superfícies que favorecem a osseointegração em implantes dentários. Uma revisão sistemática integrativa

Introdução: Os princípios básicos da osseointegração passaram por mudanças significativas que estão a modificar as modalidades terapêuticas enfrentadas pela profissão. A compatibilidade de materiais é a questão mais importante a ser considerada para um implante dentário de bom sucesso e está intimamente relacionada com o comportamento das células, particularmente com a adesão que tem sobre uma superfície. Uma modificação da topografia da superfície do implante tem sido considerada um parâmetro essencial para a osseointegração. Existem diversos tratamentos de superfícies utilizados atualmente na confeção de implantes dentários mais também uma lacuna sobre a influência da nanoestructura modificada. Objetivo: A presente investigação procura comparar ou descrever se os tipos de modificações na superfície implantar ou características físico-químicas têm favorecido a osseointegração nos implantes dentários. Material e métodos: Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados eletrónicos Medline/PubMed com as seguintes palavras-chaves determinadas pelo MeSH (Medical Subject Headings): “dental implants”; “surface treatment”, “osseointegration”; “bone to implant contact” and “titanium”. Artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, com full-text disponível e texto em inglês foram alguns dos critérios de inclusão selecionados. Resultados: Um total de 13 artigos de estudos comparativos foram analisados em relação ao contacto osso-implante. Após a análise dos estudos notou-se que a topografia da superfície de implantes dentários influencia o comportamento celular nos períodos iniciais. Superfícies com rugosidade micrométrica ou nanométricas são superiores às superfícies lisas/mecanizadas favorecendo a osseointegração em relação aos níveis de contato ósseo-implante. Conclusão: A modificação da topografia superficial aumenta favoravelmente adesão de células resultando em maiores valores de BIC. Novos estudos são necessários para avaliação da resposta celular nestas superfícies em períodos mais longos.Introduction: The basic principles of osseointegration have gone through significant changes that are modifying the therapeutic modalities faced by the profession. Material compatibility is the most important issue to be considered for a successful dental implant and is closely related to the cell behaviors, particularly the adhesion they have on a surface. A modification of the implant surface topography has been considered an essential parameter for osseointegration. There are several surface treatments currently used in the manufacture of dental implants, but also a gap on the influence of modified nanostructure. Objective: The present investigation seeks to compare or describe whether the types of modifications on the implant surface or physicochemical characteristics have favored osseointegration in dental implants. Materials and methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Medline/PubMed electronic database with the following keywords determined by MeSH (Medical Subject Headings): “dental implants”; “surface treatment”, “osseointegration”; “bone to implant contact” and “titanium”. Articles published in the last 10 years, with full-text available and english text were some of the inclusion criteria selected. Results: A total of 13 articles from comparative studies were analyzed in relation to bone-implant contact. After analyzing the studies, it was noticed that the surface topography of dental implants influences the cellular behavior in the initial periods. Surfaces with micrometric or nanometric roughness are superior to smooth/mechanized surfaces, favoring osseointegration in relation to bone-implant contact levels. Conclusion: Modification of the surface topography favorably increases cell adhesion resulting in higher BIC values. New studies are needed to evaluate the cellular response on these surfaces over longer periods

The frequency of defective genomes in Omicron differs from that of the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants

Evolution; Genetics; Molecular biologyEvolució; Genètica; Biologia molecularEvolución; Genética; Biología molecularThe SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant emerged showing higher transmissibility and possibly higher resistance to current COVID-19 vaccines than other variants dominating the global pandemic. In March 2020 we performed a study in clinical samples, where we found that a portion of genomes in the SARS-CoV-2 viral population accumulated deletions immediately before the S1/S2 cleavage site (furin-like cleavage site, PRRAR/S) of the spike gene, generating a frameshift and appearance of a premature stop codon. The main aim of this study was to determine the frequency of defective deletions in prevalent variants from the first to sixth pandemic waves in our setting and discuss whether the differences observed might support epidemiological proposals. The complete SARS-CoV-2 spike gene was deeply studied by next-generation sequencing using the MiSeq platform. More than 90 million reads were obtained from respiratory swab specimens of 78 COVID-19 patients with mild infection caused by the predominant variants circulating in the Barcelona city area during the six pandemic waves: B.1.5, B.1.1, B.1.177, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron. The frequency of defective genomes found in variants dominating the first and second waves was similar to that seen in Omicron, but differed from the frequencies seen in the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants. The changing pattern of mutations seen in the various SARS-CoV-2 variants driving the pandemic waves over time can affect viral transmission and immune escape. Here we discuss the putative biological effects of defective deletions naturally occurring before the S1/S2 cleavage site during adaption of the virus to human infection.This study was partially supported by Pla Estratègic de Recerca i Innovació en Salut (PERIS) – Direcció General de Recerca i Innovació en Salut (DGRIS), Catalan Health Ministry, Generalitat de Catalunya; the Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0003) from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Business, grant number IDI-20200297; Grant PI19/00301 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and Gilead’s biomedical research project GLD21/00006. We gratefully acknowledge the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID’s EpiCov Database on which this research is based

Genotyping of clinical isolates of Aspergillus flavus and its relationship with environmental isolates center

Antecedentes: Durante un período de 4 meses, y mientras se llevaba a cabo un muestreo ambiental de aire, se diagnosticaron 2 casos de aspergilosis por Aspergillus flavus en un centro oncohematológico de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objetivos: Conocer la variabilidad y la relación genética entre los aislamientos clínicos y los ambientales obtenidos en el centro oncohematológico. Métodos: Se utilizaron 2 técnicas de genotipificación con diferente poder discriminatorio (RAPD y AFLP). Una matriz de similitud genética fue calculada usando el método de Jaccard y fue la base para la cons- trucción de un dendrograma por el método de UPGMA. Se estimó el nivel de variabilidad genética por medio del porcentaje de loci polimórficos, número de alelos efectivos y heterocigosidad esperada, y el índice de asociación (I A ) . Resultados: El dendrograma mostró que los aislamientos de A. flavus recuperados de los pacientes no se relacionaron genéticamente con los del ambiente nosocomial. Los valores más altos de diversidad gené- tica correspondieron a los aislamientos ambientales. El I A estimado para todos los aislamientos sugiere eventos de recombinación. Conclusiones: Los pacientes 1 y 2 no fueron infectados con los aislamientos obtenidos del ambiente hospitalario. Los aislamientos clínicos y ambientales de A. flavus mostraron alta variabilidad genética entre ellos

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Adhesion, proliferation and mineralization activity of bone cells granulation and human gingival fibroblasts on titanium discs with different surface treatment: In vitro analysis

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar adesão, proliferação, atividade de fosfatase alcalina e de síntese de matriz mineralizada por células derivadas da granulação óssea (células GO-1) e fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FGH-1) em discos de titânio com diferentes tratamentos de superfícies. Discos de titânio comercialmente puro grau IV foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: (1) discos usinados L (controle); (2) discos usinados seguido de jateamento abrasivo (JATO); (3) discos usinados, jateados e tratados por subtração ácida (superfície NeoPoros NP); (4) discos com tratamento superficial para melhora da hidrofilia (superfície Acqua - ACQ). A microtopografia de superfície dos diferentes tipos de disco de titânio foi avaliada por meio de MEV. A composição química dos discos de titânio de superfícies L, JATO, NP e ACQ foi analisada por espectrometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDS). Para determinar a influência dos diferentes tratamentos de superfície sobre a adesão de células de linhagens fibroblásticas gengivais e osteoblásticas, foram cultivadas células GO-1 e FGH-1 sobre os discos de titânio dos diferentes grupos e as células aderidas foram avaliados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) após 24h (adesão) e 48 h (proliferação). No ensaio de mineralização os discos de titânio foram corados com vermelho de alizarina para evidenciação dos nódulos de mineralização. Para avaliação da atividade de fosfatase alcalina, as células FGH-1 e GO-1 foram plaqueadas sobre discos de titânio, a atividade da FA foi observada nas células lisadas usando 25 &#x3BC;l da amostra em placa de 96 poços adicionado com 200 &#x3BC;L de fosfato p-nitrofenol (pNPP) e determinada em espectofotômetro. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos para os parâmetros de rugosidade encontrados nas amostras, com exceção do parâmetro Rsk(asimetria), onde diferenças significantes foram observadas do grupo L em relação aos grupos JATO, NP e ACQ (p< 0.05. Os implantes de superfície L e NP apresentaram apenas Ti, a superfície JATO apresentou, além do Titânio, as substâncias Oxigênio e Alumínio enquanto na superfície ACQ foram observados Titânio, Sódio e Potássio. No período de 24 horas após o cultivo celular, houve maior proliferação de células FGH sobre as superfícies L (89,43% ± 9,13;) e JATO (100%), neste período, observou-se que 100% das superfícies JATO e ACQ estavam recobertas por células GO. Apos 48h diferenças significantes entre o percentual de área recoberta por células FGH nas superfícies JATO comparativamente às superfícies NP e ACQ e, para as células GO, entre as superfícies NP comparativamente às superfícies JATO e ACQ. Houve maior percentual de área recoberta pelas células GO do que pelas células FGH. Houve formação de nódulos mineralizados em todas as superfícies, análise comparativa mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes para as células GO cultivadas em DMEM sobre as superficies L (31,45% ± 1,51%) e ACQ (54,94% ± 4,80%). A atividade de fosfatase alcalina foi maior em discos com superfície Lisa e hidrófilica(ACQ). Esses resultados sugerem que todas as superfícies favorecem a adesão e proliferação de fibroblastos gengivais e células osteoblásticas humanas. Superfícies moderadamente rugosas favorecem a maior adesão e proliferação de células osteoblásticas, assim como maior atividade de mineralização in vitro.The objective of this study was to investigate adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix synthesis mineralized by cells derived from the bone granulation (GO cells) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) in titanium disks with different surface treatment. Titanium discs commercially pure grade IV were used, divided into 4 groups according to the surface treatment: (1) machined discs - L (control); (2) machined discs followed by abrasive blasting (JATO); (3) machined discs, sandblasted and treated by acid subtraction (Neoporos surface - NP); (4) disks with surface treatment to improve the hydrophilic (Acqua surface - ACQ). The surface microtopography of different types of titanium disk was evaluated by SEM. The chemical composition of the surfaces of titanium disks, L, JET, NP and ACQ was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). To determine the influence of different surface treatments on the cell adhesion of gingival fibroblast and osteoblast lines were cultured GO-1 and FGH-1 cells on titanium discs of different groups and the adhered cells were assessed by electron microscopy (SEM) after 24 (adherence) and 48 h (proliferation). To test the mineralization titanium disks were stained with alizarin red for disclosure of mineralization nodules. To evaluate the alkaline phosphatase activity, the FGH-1 and GO-1 cells were plated on titanium disks, AP activity was observed in cells lysed using 25 &#x3BC;l of sample in a 96 well plate with 200 &#x3BC;l added phosphate p nitrophenol (pNPP) and determined in spectrophotometer. There were no differences between groups for the roughness parameters found in the samples, except for the parameter Rsk(asimetry) where significant differences were observed in the group L compared to JATO groups, NP and ACQ (p <0.05). The L and NP surface implants had only Ti, JATO surface showed, in addition to titanium, oxygen and the substances aluminum, while the ACQ surface were observed titanium, sodium and potassium. Within 24 hours after cell culturing, there was a greater proliferation of FGH on the cell surface L (89.43 ± 9.13%;) and JATO (100%), in this period, it was observed that 100% of the surfaces JATO and ACQ were covered by GO cells. After 48 hours there were significant differences between the percentage of area covered by FGH cells in JATO surfaces compared to NP surfaces and ACQ, and for GO cells, between NP surfaces compared with the JATO and ACQ surfaces. There was a higher percentage of area covered by GO cells than by FGH cells. There mineralized nodule formation on all surfaces, comparative analysis revealed statistically significant differences for the GO cells cultured in DMEM on the surfaces L (31.45% ± 1.51%) and ACQ (54.94% ± 4.80% ). Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in discs with a smooth and hydrophilic surfaces (ACQ). These results suggest that all surfaces to promote adhesion and proliferation of gingival fibroblasts and human osteoblastic cells. Moderately rough surfaces leads to high adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast cells, as well as higher mineralization activity in vitro

the principle of national sovereignty versus the human rights of immigrants: diplomatic tension between Colombia and Venezuela in 2015

Los conceptos de soberanía nacional y los derechos humanos, encontramos que la soberanía nacional es un elemento esencial del Estado y los derechos humanos no son más que las garantías universales que le corresponde a la persona. De acuerdo con los postulados de Luigi Ferrajoli, los derechos fundamentales son los derechos que les corresponden a todos los seres humanos, ciudadanos o personas con capacidad de obrar. Ferrajoli divide los derechos fundamentales en 4 grupos: derechos humanos, derechos públicos, derechos civiles y derechos políticos. Los derechos humanos pertenecen a todos los seres humanos al igual que los derechos públicos, y los derechos civiles y políticos les corresponden a las personas con capacidad de obrar. De lo anterior deducimos que el concepto de derechos fundamentales de Luigi Ferrajoli se asemeja al concepto de derechos humanos que se definió al inicio, la base de ambos conceptos es la igualdad jurídica que le corresponde a cada persona, es decir, las garantías universales y como garantía mínima se encuentra la dignidad humana. De lo anterior se evidencia que los actos cometidos en el año 2015 en la frontera colombo – venezolana violentaron gravemente de los derechos humanos, ya que estos derechos no solo son de los ciudadanos venezolanos sino de todas las personas (minorías, extranjeros, indígenas).The concepts of national sovereignty and human rights, we find that national sovereignty is an essential element of the State and human rights are nothing more than the universal guarantees that belong to the person. According to the postulates of Luigi Ferrajoli, the fundamental rights are the rights that correspond to all the human beings, citizens or persons with capacity to act. Ferrajoli divides the fundamental rights in 4 groups: human rights, public rights, civil rights and political rights. Human rights belong to all human beings as well as public rights, and civil and political rights correspond to people with the capacity to act. From the foregoing we infer that the concept of fundamental rights of Luigi Ferrajoli resembles the concept of human rights that was defined at the beginning, the basis of both concepts is the legal equality that corresponds to each person, that is to say, universal guarantees and as a minimum guarantee lies human dignity. It is evident from the foregoing that the acts committed in the year 2015 on the Colombo-Venezuelan border severely violated human rights, since these rights are not only of Venezuelan citizens but of all persons (Minorities, foreigners, indigenous people).Universidad Libre- Facultad de Derech

Las políticas de reinserción social de los sujetos privados de la libertad en la provincia de Santa Cruz, en el marco de la pandemia generada por el COVID 19. El rol de la educación superior

This article proposes an analysis of the current conditions of access to university education, by the prison population of the penitentiary establishments of the town of Río Gallegos, province of Santa Cruz. For the proposed analysis we will take the Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral as a reference institution. The study that we share recovers a nucleus of experiences and analyzes that aim to account for the future of education in contexts of confinement, based on the recognition that access to the right to university education by those deprived of liberty, identifies difficulties evident in its concrete implementation. By virtue of this characterization, we propose as an objective to contribute, based on the analysis, to draw up a scheme that guides the implementation of situated public policies that tend to guarantee access to university higher education for those deprived of liberty. In order to account for this winding trajectory of the development of the modality of confinement contexts in the university, we recover the experiences of linking between the university and the provincial penitentiary system, the normative frameworks of reference in the provincial and university spheres and the voices and experiences of key institutional actors: provincial heads of the educational modality, reinsertion programs, university professors and university authorities.El presente artículo propone un análisis sobre las condiciones actuales de acceso a la educación universitaria, por parte de la población carcelaria de los establecimientos penitenciarios de la localidad de Río Gallegos, provincia de Santa Cruz. Para el análisis propuesto tomaremos como institución de referencia la Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. El estudio que compartimos recupera un núcleo de experiencias y análisis que apuntan a dar cuenta del devenir de la educación en contextos de encierro, partiendo del reconocimiento de que el acceso al derecho a la educación universitaria por los privados/as de la libertad, identifica dificultades evidentes en su implementación concreta. En virtud de esta caracterización, nos proponemos como objetivo contribuir, partir del análisis, a trazar un esquema que oriente la implementación de políticas públicas situadas que tiendan a garantizar el acceso a la educación superior universitaria a los/as privados/as de la libertad.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Para dar cuenta de esta trayectoria sinuosa del desarrollo de la modalidad de contextos de encierro en la universidad, recuperamos las experiencias de vinculación entre la universidad y el sistema penitenciario provincial, los marcos normativos de referencia en el ámbito provincial y universitario y las voces y experiencias de actores institucionales claves: responsables provinciales de la modalidad educativa, de los programas de reinserción, docentes de la universidad y autoridades universitarias.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp