An Electromyographic and Video Motion Analysis Study of Elite Sprinters at Varying Speeds and Inclines

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold 1) to describe muscle activity and joint motion while running on a treadmill at different speeds and inclines and 2) to examine whether or not running on a treadmill at high speeds and on an inline causes particular muscles to work harder or the sprinter to change their running technique to accommodate the increased workload. Subjects and Methods: EMG and motion analysis data was collected from six subjects while they were running on a treadmill, first at twenty miles per hour at zero percent grade and then at thirteen miles per hour and thirty percent grade. Results: This study shows that there is a greater amount of EMG activity during sprinting at twenty miles per hour at zero percent grade than there is on the incline at thirteen miles per hour and thirty percent grade. The gastrocnemius, anterior tibialis, and rectus femoris had the greatest increases in activity between the two trials. The range of motion for both trials was similar with the exception of hip flexion. On the incline, the subjects showed greater amounts of hip flexion. Conclusion and Discussion: Incline training appears to be useful in helping athletes increase their overall hip range of motion to assist in increasing their overall velocity. Training at either level increased EMG activity, but apparently, velocity has a greater influence on the amplitude of EMG activity then running on the incline

Språklovgjeving og hegemonistrid

Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen gav i sitt grundige innlegg ei interessant oversikt overulike måtar å tilnærma seg språklovgjeving på i Norden. Som ho peikar på, kandet vera svært ulike grunnar for å arbeida med nasjonal regulering av språkbruk.I denne kommentaren har eg valt å sjå nærare på språklovgjeving som uttrykk fornasjonal eller regional strid om hegemoni. Avgrensinga er Europa, ogutgangspunktet er Noreg

Fotballkamp paa Grus og græs i Kristiania

Artiklen omhandler udviklingen i fodbold i Kristiania, med særlig fokus på fodboldbaner.Frode Fretland: Footballmatches on grass and gravel in ChristianiaThis article will focus on the development of football and football grounds in the Norwegian capital Christiania until 1922. Questions about grounds for football have always been a central issue in the history of football in Norway. Due to difficult topography and the cold and wet climate in wintertime it has always been problematic to establish proper surfaces. In spite of bad facilities, association football has for a long time been the most popular sport, not in the capital alone, but all over the country. Football was from the very beginning seen as a way to offer children and young people a healthy and playful time of recreation in a natural environment. The municipal authorities of Christiania supported this by building grounds. Most of them were smaller gravel grounds (playing fields) in connection with schools, but only a few grounds were of good standard and had the right size for serious football matches. Really good football was played at full-sized grass pitches, but in Norway it was common until the end of 1910s to have gravel pitches only. When the national team played against Sweden and Denmark they always had difficulties playing well at the grass grounds because they were not used to it. At last, from 1918, a new grass ground near Christiania made it possible for the best local teams and the national team to train and play matches on a proper surface. This was followed by the first victories over Denmark and Sweden

Forprosjekt Individualisering av lagidrett

Sogndal Fotball (SF) ønskjer å systematisere talentutvikling ved faktainnsamling og forsking av korleis den einskilde kan utvikle seg i eit lagspel. Høgskulen i Sogn og Fjordane (HiSF) ønskjer å satse meir på fotballforsking. SF og HiSF har mål om at dei innan ein femårsperiode skal stå fram som dei fremste nasjonalt innan fotballforsking og talentutvikling .Målet skal nåast gjennom eit samspel der SF skal syte for teknologisk tilrettelegging og testing, tilgjengelegheit av utøvarar og ressurspersonar. HiSF skal saman med SF definere fagområder medan HiSF skal syte for forskinga på området, og gjennom databruk, studentoppgåver, forsking og undervisning, vise retningar som kan utvikle fotballtalenta. Hovudmål med forprosjektet er å definere Fagområde, teknologi og organisasjon ein bør satse på for i løpet av fem år og vera fremst nasjonalt innan fotballforsking og talentutvikling

Fotballkamp paa Grus og græs i Kristiania

Artiklen omhandler udviklingen i fodbold i Kristiania, med særlig fokus på fodboldbaner.   Frode Fretland: Footballmatches on grass and gravel in Christiania This article will focus on the development of football and football grounds in the Norwegian capital Christiania until 1922. Questions about grounds for football have always been a central issue in the history of football in Norway. Due to difficult topography and the cold and wet climate in wintertime it has always been problematic to establish proper surfaces. In spite of bad facilities, association football has for a long time been the most popular sport, not in the capital alone, but all over the country. Football was from the very beginning seen as a way to offer children and young people a healthy and playful time of recreation in a natural environment. The municipal authorities of Christiania supported this by building grounds. Most of them were smaller gravel grounds (playing fields) in connection with schools, but only a few grounds were of good standard and had the right size for serious football matches. Really good football was played at full-sized grass pitches, but in Norway it was common until the end of 1910s to have gravel pitches only. When the national team played against Sweden and Denmark they always had difficulties playing well at the grass grounds because they were not used to it. At last, from 1918, a new grass ground near Christiania made it possible for the best local teams and the national team to train and play matches on a proper surface. This was followed by the first victories over Denmark and Sweden

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Multisocietal European consensus on the terminology, diagnosis, and management of patients with synchronous colorectal cancer and liver metastases: an E-AHPBA consensus in partnership with ESSO, ESCP, ESGAR, and CIRSE

Consensus; Colorectal cancer; Liver metastasesConsens; Càncer colorectal; Metàstasis hepàtiquesConsenso; Cáncer colorrectal; Metástasis hepáticasBackground Contemporary management of patients with synchronous colorectal cancer and liver metastases is complex. The aim of this project was to provide a practical framework for care of patients with synchronous colorectal cancer and liver metastases, with a focus on terminology, diagnosis, and management. Methods This project was a multiorganizational, multidisciplinary consensus. The consensus group produced statements which focused on terminology, diagnosis, and management. Statements were refined during an online Delphi process, and those with 70 per cent agreement or above were reviewed at a final meeting. Iterations of the report were shared by electronic mail to arrive at a final agreed document comprising 12 key statements. Results Synchronous liver metastases are those detected at the time of presentation of the primary tumour. The term ‘early metachronous metastases' applies to those absent at presentation but detected within 12 months of diagnosis of the primary tumour, the term ‘late metachronous metastases’ applies to those detected after 12 months. ‘Disappearing metastases’ applies to lesions that are no longer detectable on MRI after systemic chemotherapy. Guidance was provided on the recommended composition of tumour boards, and clinical assessment in emergency and elective settings. The consensus focused on treatment pathways, including systemic chemotherapy, synchronous surgery, and the staged approach with either colorectal or liver-directed surgery as first step. Management of pulmonary metastases and the role of minimally invasive surgery was discussed. Conclusion The recommendations of this contemporary consensus provide information of practical value to clinicians managing patients with synchronous colorectal cancer and liver metastases

Towards a Video Quality Assessment based Framework for Enhancement of Laparoscopic Videos

Laparoscopic videos can be affected by different distortions which may impact the performance of surgery and introduce surgical errors. In this work, we propose a framework for automatically detecting and identifying such distortions and their severity using video quality assessment. There are three major contributions presented in this work (i) a proposal for a novel video enhancement framework for laparoscopic surgery; (ii) a publicly available database for quality assessment of laparoscopic videos evaluated by expert as well as non-expert observers and (iii) objective video quality assessment of laparoscopic videos including their correlations with expert and non-expert scores.Comment: SPIE Medical Imaging 2020 (Draft version

Low Concordance Between T-Cell Densities in Matched Primary Tumors and Liver Metastases in Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer

Background: The subtype, density and location of tumor infiltrating T-cells are being explored as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in primary colorectal cancer (pCRC) and colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Very limited data exist comparing findings in pCRC and matched CLM. Patients and methods: Fifty-eight patients with available pCRC and matched CLM (57/58 microsatellite stable) were included in this OSLO-COMET substudy. In immunohistochemically stained sections, total (Ttot), helper (TH), cytotoxic (CTL), and regulatory (Treg) T-cells were manually counted in hotspots from the invasive margin (IM), intratumor (IT), and tumor adjacent regions to determine T-cell densities. Results: A striking accumulation of T-cells was found in IM of both pCRC and CLM with much lower densities in the IT region, exemplified by Ttot of 2838 versus 340 cells/mm2, respectively, in CLM. The correlation at the individual level between T-cell densities in pCRC and corresponding CLM was poor for all regions and T-cell subtypes; for instance, the correlation coefficient (R2) for IM Ttot was 0.07. The IT TH : CTL and Treg : TH ratios were 2.94 and 0.44, respectively, in pCRC, and 1.84 and 0.24, respectively, in CLM. Conclusion: The observed accumulation of T-cells in the IM regions of pCRC and CLM with low penetration to the IT regions, combined with high TH : CTL and Treg : TH ratios, point to the presence of an immune suppressive microenvironment. T-cell densities of CLM differed markedly from the matched pCRC, indicating that to evaluate T-cell biomarkers in metastasis, the commonly available pCRC cannot serve as a surrogate for the metastatic tumor