CD4陽性T細胞に発現するA20(tnfaip3) はTh2型アレルギー性気道炎症を抑制する

研究科: 千葉大学大学院医学薬学府（先端医学薬学専攻）学位記番号: 千大院医薬博甲第医1412号博士（医学）千葉大学 = Chiba Universit

Legume growth-promoting rhizobia: An overview on the Mesorhizobium genus

The need for sustainable agricultural practices is revitalizing the interest in biological nitrogen fixationand rhizobia-legumes symbioses, particularly those involving economically important legume crops interms of food and forage. The genus Mesorhizobium includes species with high geographical dispersionand able to nodulate a wide variety of legumes, including important crop species, like chickpea or bis-errula. Some cases of legume-mesorhizobia inoculant introduction represent exceptional opportunitiesto study the rhizobia genomes evolution and the evolutionary relationships among species. Completegenome sequences revealed that mesorhizobia typically harbour chromosomal symbiosis islands. Thephylogenies of symbiosis genes, such as nodC, are not congruent with the phylogenies based on coregenes, reflecting rhizobial host range, rather than species affiliation. This agrees with studies showingthat Mesorhizobium species are able to exchange symbiosis genes through lateral transfer of chromo-somal symbiosis islands, thus acquiring the ability to nodulate new hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of theMesorhizobium genus based on core and accessory genes reveal complex evolutionary relationships anda high genomic plasticity, rendering the Mesorhizobium genus as a good model to investigate rhizobiagenome evolution and adaptation to different host plants. Further investigation of symbiosis genes aswell as stress response genes will certainly contribute to understand mesorhizobia-legume symbiosisand to develop more effective mesorhizobia inoculants

Using clinical research networks to assess severity of an emerging influenza pandemic

BACKGROUND: Early clinical severity assessments during the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) overestimated clinical severity due to selection bias and other factors. We retrospectively investigated how to use data from the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials, a global clinical influenza research network, to make more accurate case fatality ratio (CFR) estimates early in a future pandemic, an essential part of pandemic response. METHODS: We estimated the CFR of medically attended influenza (CFRMA) as the product of probability of hospitalization given confirmed outpatient influenza and the probability of death given hospitalization with confirmed influenza for the pandemic (2009-2011) and post-pandemic (2012-2015) periods. We used literature survey results on health-seeking behavior to convert that estimate to CFR among all infected persons (CFRAR). RESULTS: During the pandemic period, 5.0% (3.1%-6.9%) of 561 pH1N1-positive outpatients were hospitalized. Of 282 pH1N1-positive inpatients, 8.5% (5.7%-12.6%) died. CFRMA for pH1N1 was 0.4% (0.2%-0.6%) in the pandemic period 2009-2011 but declined 5-fold in young adults during the post-pandemic period compared to the level of seasonal influenza in the post-pandemic period 2012-2015. CFR for influenza-negative patients did not change over time. We estimated the 2009 pandemic CFRAR to be 0.025%, 16-fold lower than CFRMA. CONCLUSIONS: Data from a clinical research network yielded accurate pandemic severity estimates, including increased severity among younger people. Going forward, clinical research networks with a global presence and standardized protocols would substantially aid rapid assessment of clinical severity